sucrose which is isotonic to the cell sap of mango. [F4-Chapter 3] 2007 Q1: To study the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis of a Hydrilla sp. [F4-Chapter 6] Q2: To study the effect of temperature on the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast [F4-Chapter 7] 2008 Q1: To investigate the effect of light intensity on the population distribution of Pleurococcus sp. [F4-Chapter 8] Q2: To study the size of molecules that can diffuse through a semi permeable membrane [F4-Chapter 3]
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BIOLOGY NOTES. UNIT 1: Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Word Equation: Light Carbon Dioxide + Water Oxygen + Glucose Chlorophyll How to test a leaf for starch: 1. Dip leaf boiling water for about 1 minute to soften it‚ stop further chemical changes and make the cell more permeable. 2. Turn off Bunsen burner. Put the leaf into the
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The experiment consists of 5 steps—Inoculation‚ fermentation‚ cell lysis‚ inclusion body solubilization‚ and peptide purification. In the first two steps‚ E coli with Snake 6 peptides is cultivated. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) is used to quantify bacteria through detection of their optical density (O.D.). After reaching a certain concentration in the fermentation batch‚ inclusion bodies (IBs) are extracted from these E coli by adding Bugbuster lysis solution and lysozyme. Polyacrylamide
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Photosynthesis (happens in chloroplasts in mesophyll cells) 1. Light dependent stage Happens in the grana of chloroplasts Light (energy) gets trapped by chlorophyll pigments (light energy converted to chemical energy) This energy used to turn ADP and Pi into ATP Energy used to split water (H2O) into Hydrogen and Oxygen The hydrogen ions get collected by NADP‚ which becomes NADPH The Oxygen is waste‚ and leaves! So‚ in this stage‚ water comes in. ATP and NAPDH come out‚ as does Oxygen.
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with the concomitant formation of ATP. Three fates of this pyruvate produced exist. In this practical the production of pyruvate and acetaldehyde by fermentation of glucose is established. A series of test tubes was set up each containing glucose and yeast suspension in buffers at different pH values. These test tubes were incubated for an hour at 37℃. Trichloro-acetic acid solution was then added to the first 2 of the 4 test tubes prior to centrifugation at 2500g. Solid ammonium sulphate and freshly
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organization Anaerobic respiration: NOT O2 Aerobic respiration: O2 final acceptor ATP is produced by the Proton Motive Force Chemiosmosis H+ accumulates outside‚ OH- inside resulting in energized state When H+ enters‚ ATP is generated *Heterotrophy (i.e.‚ chemoheterotrophy) is the use of an organic compound as a source of carbon and energy. *Lithotrophy is the use of an inorganic compound as a source of energy. Energy-Generating Metabolic Pathways 1) Aerobic respiration a) Heterotrophic
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Agave returns to Thebes with her son’s head‚ convinced in her madness that they have triumphed over some beast‚ but soon her father‚ Cadmus‚ reveals the devastating truth to her. Together‚ they mourn‚ distraught‚ while Dionysus reveals himself as a god and
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(methicillin‚ or multiple-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)‚ E. coli O157‚ and others are affected by silver [6]. The reasons for this are not fully clear as yet‚ but could be related to mechanisms of silver ion action on bacteria [110]‚ trypanosomes and yeasts‚ all of which can take up and concentrate silver (and copper) from dilute solutions in sufficient amounts to lead to lead to saturation of all enzyme-protein molecules per cell [6]. Other effects observed include structural changes in bacterial cell
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[Anabolic/Catabolic] reactions “build” more complex molecules from simpler ones. To do this they require energy input. Reactions that require the input of energy are termed [endergonic/exergonic] reactions. The reactions involved in aerobic respiration are also redox reactions: C6H12O6 6 O2 6 CO2 6 H2O In this set of reactions‚ however‚ more complex molecules are “broken down” into simpler ones. Glucose is broken down or becomes [oxidized/reduced] (to CO2)‚ and the oxygen becomes [oxidized/reduced]
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A FERMENTER OR BIOREACTOR MICROBE INPUT :- The microorganisms that will carry out the fermentation process are cultured separately until they are growing well. These are introduced into the fermenter through the microbe input. NUTRIENT INPUT :- The microorganisms require an energy source to carry out fermentation. The energy source is usually a carbohydrate. Growth materials like amino acids for protein synthesis are also added through the nutrient input. STERILE CONDITIONS:- It is necessary
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