notions of encoding and decoding Decoding stylistics is the most recent trend in stylistic research that employs theoretical findings in such areas of science as information theory‚ psychology‚ statistical studies in combination with linguistics‚ literary theory‚ history of art‚ literary criticism‚ etc. Decoding stylistics makes an attempt to regard the esthetic value of a text based on the interaction of specific textual elements‚ stylistic devices and compositional structure
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complex communication. The scientific study of language in any of its senses is called linguistics. Linguistic theory has traditionally considered native speakers as the only reliable source of linguistic data (Chomsky 1965). It is therefore not surprising to find only a limited number of works focusing on non-native speakers prior to the 1990s. The first attempt to put‘(non)nativism’ onto the centre stage of linguistic inquiry by challenging current undisputed assumptions on the matter was Paikeday’s
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English 123- Introduction to Linguistics Instructor: Mrs. Arlyn Larida Topic: No. 40 The Aquisition of Syntax Student: Jeraijah Rose C. Villarito holophrastic [ˌhɒləˈfræstɪk] adj. 1. (Linguistics) denoting the stage in a child’s acquisition of syntax when most utterances are single words 2. (Linguistics) (of languages) tending to express in one word what would be expressed in several words in other languages; polysynthetic [from holo- + Greek phrastikos expressive‚ from phrazein to express]
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information‚ but also as collection‚ storage‚ reproduction and transfer of information. Especially‚ the role of communication is crucial in the case of global companies where serious miscommunication could be caused by cultural elements as well as linguistic ability: little shared knowledge in cultural behaviors‚ business customs‚ the way of discussion or communication styles. As many studies have pointed out (Barnlund‚ 1975; Hall‚ 1976; Condon‚ 1984;
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perceive what they are transmitting and can make corrections if they make errors. 5. Specialization: the direct-energetic consequences of linguistic signals are usually biologically trivial; only the triggering effects are important. 6. Semanticity: there are associative ties between signal elements and features in the world; in short‚ some linguistic forms have denotations. 7. Arbitrariness: there is no logical connection between the form of the signal and its meaning. 8. Discreteness:
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1.Discourse Studies in Modern Linguistics 1.1Discourse .Discourse has been defined by different linguists ‚and each one gives specific definition to it ‚and we will go through all of them . In other words discourse is a buzzword and used in many different ways. The term discourse refers “both to what a text producer meant by a text and what a text means to the receiver” (Widdowson 2007: 7). As Widdowson claims‚ “people produce texts to get a message across‚ to express ideas and beliefs‚ to explain
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University Press. Rutherford‚ W. 1987. Second Language Grammar: Teaching and learning. London: Longman. Swain‚ M. 1995. Three functions of output in second language learning. In G. Cook and B. Seidlhofer (eds) Principles and Practice in Applied Linguistics: Papers in honour of H. G. Widdowson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 39
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INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript‚ the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases‚ the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases‚ a note w ill indicate that it is not possible to obtain m issing pages. • Copyrighted material may
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Examples and Observations: • "Code-switching performs several functions (Zentella‚ 1985). First‚ people may use code-switching to hide fluency or memory problems in the second language (but this accounts for about only 10 percent of code switches). Second‚ code-switching is used to mark switching from informal situations (using native languages) to formal situations (using second language). Third‚ code-switching is used to exert control‚ especially between parents and children. Fourth‚ code-switching
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Bibliography: Bhattacharjee‚ Yudhijit. "Why Bilinguals Are Smarter." The New York Times. The New York Times‚ 17 Mar. 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. Budig‚ Gene A Dincay‚ Turgay. "Advantages of Learning a Foreign Language at an Early Age." Today ’s Zaman. Today ’s Zaman‚ 25 Nov. 2011. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. Hawkins‚ Eric W. “Foreign Language Study and Language Awareness.” 1999: 124-42. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. Huebener‚ Theodore. Why Johnny Should Learn Foreign Languages. Philadelphia: Chilton
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