Calcium is an extremely important factor for health and longevity. It serves both a structural and physiological role in the entire organism. Bones are constantly breaking down and rebuilding‚ and calcium is directly involved in this process. Calcium ions (Ca2+) are essential mediators of a wide variety of cellular activities‚ including the passing of information along neurons and between adjacent neurons. Hormonal regulation is also mediated by the proper functions of calcium and calcium ions
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Importance of Calcium Ions Alyssa Foels 12 February 2015 Kilfe Calcium is a cation‚ a positively charged atom‚ and it is essential to all living things. It was first discovered in 1808 by Humphrey Davy. When forming an ionic bond with other elements‚ calcium loses electrons to make its valence shell stable. This means that it has more protons than electrons‚ making it have a slight positive charge (Calcium). Calcium has many roles and functions in the human body. Calcium ions are the most
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TITLE: Effect of the caffeine on the heart rate OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the caffeine on the heart rate of living organisms. INTRODUCTION: * Daphnia Daphnia are small‚ planktonic crustaceans‚ between 0.2 and 5 mm in length. Daphnia are members of the order Cladocera‚ and are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans commonly called water fleas because of their saltatory swimming style (although fleas are insects and thus only very distantly related). They
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Description To investigate the effect on caffeine on heart rate of water fleas and to understand the risk of high level consumption of caffeine to the health of the human circulatory system and nervous system. Preview Diagram 1: Chemical structure of caffeine Image source: http://ismaastricht.wikispaces.com/file/list The images above show the chemical structure of caffeine which has a chemical formula of C8H10N4O2. Caffeine was named by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
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Solubility product The Solubility product is related to SPARINGLY SOLUBLE SALTS ONLY!!!!! Examples are silver chloride‚ lead(II) chloride‚ calcium sulphate (in other words‚ it deals with salts commonly called insoluble salts) Consider a sparingly soluble salt MX Imagine the reaction that occurs when the solid is placed in water aMX (s) + H2O [pic] aMn+ (aq) + bXm- (aq) The equilibrium expression would be [Mn+]a [Xm-]b [MX]a [H2O]
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Rate of Decomposition of Calcium Carbonate Theory Calcium carbonate‚ CaCO3‚is one of the most abundant minerals on the Earth. More than 4% of the Earth’s crust is composed of calcium carbonate. It is a major component in limestone‚ marble‚ seashells‚ bedrock‚ etc. Limestone and marble have been among the most widely used building materials for more than 5 000 years‚ from the pyramids in Egypt to the Parthenon in Greece and the Taj Mahal in India. In many places‚ limestone is also the foundation
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Heart Rate Research Question: Do different exercises have different effect on heart rate? Method: 1. Find test subject 2. Prepare for activity (stretching) 3. Take heart rate of subject before exercise 4. Record heart rate 5. Do sit ups for 2 mins 6. Time using stop watch 7. Record heart rate 8. Allow subject to rest (lower heart rate) 9. Begin next exercise 10. Jumping jacks for 2 mins 11. Time using stopwatch 12. Record heart rate 13. Allow subject to rest (lower heart rate) 14. Squats for
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Determination of Calcium ions in milk using titration. Background Calcium is a mineral which is essential to the human body. In fact 1.5% of the human body is made up of calcium‚ and not just the obvious uses such as bone and teeth formation but it is also a vital factor in many enzyme reactions‚ for example blood clotting. It also partakes in the regulation of the hearts rhythm. Lack of the crucial mineral can result in the build up of cadmium and lead‚ both of which are toxic. along
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1) What is the role of calcium ions during contraction of a skeletal muscle? Calcium is an important element for live. Calcium is found in the bones of animals and humans. In muscle contraction is produce as a result of Calcium ions ‚ Ca2+‚ It comes from rapid release from the cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum which cause a chemical reaction between ATP and the myofilaments. Another important function of Calcium ions occurs during the state of resting muscle. During the state of resting
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muscle‚ and to explain why it is not possible to tetanize cardiac muscle. 4. To define extrasystole‚ and to explain at what point in the cardiac cycle (and on an ECG tracing) an extrasystole can be induced. 5. To describe the effect of the following on heart rate: vagal stimulation‚ cold‚ heat‚ pilocarpine‚ atropine‚ epinephrine‚ digitalis‚ and potassium‚ sodium‚ and calcium ions. 6. To define vagal escape and discuss its value. 7. To define ectopic pacemaker. I nvestigation of human cardiovascular
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