What is command responsibility or superior responsibility? It is the doctrine of hierarchical accountability in cases of war crimes. It is also called the Yamashita principle. [Yamashita was the Commanding General of 14th Army Group between 9 Oct 44 - 2 Sep 45 and Military Governor of Philippines. He assumed post 11 days before the allied forces took control of Philippines. Under his command‚ his troops committed acts of violence‚ cruelty and homicide inflicted on the civilian population resulting
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Anti Fraud Programs and Controls (Deloitte) What is Fraud? The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) defines fraud as “an intentional act that results in a material misstatement in financial statements that are the subject of an audit. Two types of misstatements relevant to the auditor’s consideration of fraud include: misstatements arising from fraudulent financial reporting and misstatements arising from misappropriation of assets.” There are additional types of fraud that should also
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ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT Errors in Measurement Structure 2.1 Introduction Objectives 2.2 Classification of Errors 2.2.1 Gross Errors 2.2.2 Systematic Errors 2.2.3 Random Errors 2.3 Accuracy and Precision 2.4 Calibration of the Instrument 2.5 Analysis of the Errors 2.5.1 Error Analysis on Common Sense Basis 2.5.2 Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data 2.6 Summary 2.7 Key Words 2.8 Answers to SAQs 2.1 INTRODUCTION The
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Do auditors need to have in-depth knowledge of information technology? Yes‚ auditors need to have in-depth knowledge of information technology. Networks and computers deliver the most information needed for auditing to work. For it to be effective‚ auditors have to use the computer as an auditing tool‚ audit automated systems and data‚ and understand the business purposes for the systems and the situation in which the systems operate. The other important uses for networks and computers by auditors
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What specific audit procedures might have uncovered the Parmalat fraud earlier? Parmalat went from recording annual sales of 7.6 billion euros in 2002 to being declared insolvent a year later. The collusion at Europe’s Enron made it possible for Parmalat to defraud its investors of billions. The auditing procedures used by Grant Thornton and Deloitte were inadequate. Many of Parmalat’s assets were overstated and its liabilities understated. The auditors did not adequately test the Special Purpose
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Introduction Independence is a fundamental to the reliability of auditors’ reports. It is an attitude of mind characterized by integrity and an objective approach to professional works. A professional auditor should work both independent and seen to be so. Nowadays‚ but‚ the trend of providing non-audit services to audit clients seem to be sweeping accounting firms all over the world; impacts of independence impairment caused by this trend should not be ignored. The Meaning of Independence The
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1990’s‚ Phar-Mor declared bankruptcy due to fraudulent financial reporting and misappropriation of assets‚ making it one of the largest frauds in U.S. history. Below‚ we will use auditing standard AU 316.85 Appendix A in conjunction with the video “How to Steal $500 million” to analyze how incentives/pressures‚ opportunities‚ and attitudes/rationalizations allowed for fraud to start and continue at Phar-Mor. Incentives/Pressures Annual reoccurring losses due to small margins put pressure on
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THE ACCOUNTING REVIEW Vol. 77 Supplement 2002 pp. 175–202 Evidence from Auditors about Managers’ and Auditors’ Earnings Management Decisions Mark W. Nelson John A. Elliott Cornell University Robin L. Tarpley The George Washington University ABSTRACT: This paper reports analyses of data obtained using a field-based questionnaire in which 253 auditors from one Big 5 firm recalled and described 515 specific experiences they had with clients who they believe were attempting to manage earnings
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Abstract In light of a number of high-profile corporate failures during the first half of 2001‚ a number of studies have been performed to address the impact of mandatory rotation of audit firms to ensure the appropriate level of independence ’ of auditors. Majority of studies conclude that the detrimental effects of firm rotation on the quality of the audit work by far outweigh its positive effects as a safeguard against various independence and quality threats. Frequent changes of audit firms
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Mortgage Fraud Table of Contents Abstract 3 Mortgage Fraud 4 Mortgage Fraud Statistics 4 Reports of Fraud 5 Key players in a real estate & mortgage transaction 5-6 Factors for Mortgage Fraud 7 The Fraud Triangle 7 Common Mortgage Fraud Schemes 8 Who are victims of mortgage fraud? 9 How to avoid becoming a victim of Mortgage Fraud 10 How to report fraud 11 Mortgage Fraud Indictment 11-12
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