individual voting decisions in hundreds of districtly individual contests combine to produce intelligible election results. Before the tools of survey research came into common use‚ politicians and political analysts had little problem interpreting aggregate congressional election results. It was widely believed that economic conditions and presidential politics shaped the electoral prospects of congressional candidates. It is no great challenge to interpret
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Lesson 1. Aggregate vs. Entity Approach 1. Aggregate approach: the partnership as a separate entity is disregarded and each partner is viewed as directly owning an undivided interest in the partnership’s assets operations. If the tax law used only aggregate concepts‚ the partnerships and their partners would be treated: - Each partner would be taxed on share of partnership income and would be viewed as owning a direct interest in each partnership asset. - Contributions and distributions would
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Eсonomiс growth as a Maсroeсonomiсs aggregate. 1.1.The meaning of eсonomiс growth The first point is the definition of Eсonomiс growth. Eсonomiс growth is a term generally measured by the amount of produсtion in a сountry or region over a сertain period of time. While finanсial ministers may keep traсk of eсonomiс growth numbers every month‚ generally it is the quarterly and annual numbers that attraсt the most attention. Most сonsider eсonomiс growth to be one of the surest signs of a сountry’s
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THE MANAGEMENT PLANNING FUNCTION Planning - is determining what needs to be done‚ when‚ by whom‚ how‚ and within what cost in order to achieve an objective. It is the work that a manager performs to predetermine a course of action. * Provides the means for achieving a purpose‚ makes the best use of resources‚ makes a manager’s work easier‚ encourages teamwork‚ and forms a base for control. It is based on assumptions‚ involves change
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higher price level. 3.1.11 The Classical Theory of the Interest Rate In the Classical theory‚ using the Cambridge approach‚ the interest rate (the price of money) measures the cost of holding cash. At a given level of k‚ individuals therefore have what is called ‘loanable funds’ (hence Keynes’ called the Classical Model of interest the ‘Loanable Funds Theory’. Beyond their need for money for transactional purposes‚ cash can serve as a store of value but yields no return so individuals will tend
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Essentials of Planning and Managing by Objectives OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter‚ you should be able to: 1. Understand what managerial planning is and why it is important. 2. Identify and analyze the various types of plans and show how they relate to one another. 3. Outline and discuss the logical steps in planning and see how these steps are essentially a rational approach to setting objectives and selecting the means of reaching them. 4. Explain the nature of objectives. 5. Describe
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DELIVERING SERVICES Understanding service products (once more ;) Services are performance‚ rather a thing‚ and they are experienced rather than owned… Customers participate in service delivery. Service delivery occurs in real time. Services have front end and backstage. Services have a core and supplementary elements. … (What else?) Designing and delivering services. Figure 1. Planning‚ creating‚ and delivering services. Service delivery process is configured additionally. Figure 2. Service delivery
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influence the paying client of its potential and evaluate it without doing any planning in the first place. People like David Ogilvy‚ Bill Bernbach‚ Claude Hopkins and Rosser Reeves were all outstanding planners. No one has a guaranteed formula when it comes to account planning. One thing that all these experts have in common is that they understand people. The easiest way to answer this question is simply to say that account planning is about having consumer focus and providing the client with the right
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rise by 2% next year. If inflation is expected to be 2% next year‚ what will workers ask for in regard to wages next year? From the question we know that employers and workers want to raise real wages by 2%. But inflation will be 2% in next year. Actually‚ the employers and workers do not changer their real wages‚ so they shod ask for the real wages rise to 4%. b If inflation is expected to be 4% next year‚ rather than 2%‚ what will workers ask for? They should ask the real wages rise
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countries -> Spending on exports National Income Accounting Formal definition for GDP: The market value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a given time period Expenditure Method: C + I + G + (X-M) = GDP Income Method: Rent + Wages + Interest + Profit Output Method: Adding up the value of all final goods and services (to avoid double counting!) Key Distinctions Gross investment = net investment + depreciation Nominal – value measured in terms
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