5.1 Common Complications RNU may predispose a patient to complications such as pneumonia‚ hypertension‚ and acute renal insufficiency. The risk of pneumonia may be higher after renal surgery compared with other abdominal procedures‚ as patient’s postoperative pain with deep breathing may be substantial‚ leading to atelectasis and pneumonia. Early ambulation‚ incentive spirometry and adequate pain control should be encouraged in immediate postoperative period (17). The incidence of postoperative hypertension
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the bladder by a ureter. The urine flows from the kidneys‚ to the bladder via the ureters. Then from the bladder‚ the urine is excreted from the body by the urethra. This process can be very simple‚ but when there are pathologies present the process becomes complicated. Duplex collecting systems is the main topic and how it may become complicated by vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and ureterocele will be covered in this paper. Duplex collecting system‚ also known as double ureters‚ happens to be one
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tarsal‚ metatarsals‚ phalanges). The joints and discs are between the bones. The bones are made up of 25% water and 75 % cells. 2) Urinary - The system that maintains and regulates the fluid balance in the body. It consists of 4 parts - kidneys‚ ureters‚ bladder and urethra. The kidneys have two main functions - secreting
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condition in which urine from the bladder goes back into the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder (ureters). The bladder is a hollow organ in the lower part of the abdomen. It stores urine after the urine is made by the kidneys. In severe cases of vesicoureteral reflux‚ urine may flow back through the ureters and into the kidneys. Vesicoureteral reflux can affect one or both kidneys and ureters. Vesicoureteral reflux can range from mild to severe. Mild cases usually do not cause problems and do
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it is time. The organs of the urinary system include the two kidneys‚ two ureters‚ a urinary‚ bladder‚ sphincter‚ and the urethra. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs‚ each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage‚ one on each side of the spine. Every day‚ the two kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine‚ composed of wastes and extra fluid. A ureter is one of two uterine tubes
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e. Production of renin to help regulate BP and erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production f. Activation of Vitamin D (from PTH) 2. Describe the gross anatomy of the urinary system (including the location within the body) – kidneys‚ ureters‚ urinary bladder‚ and urethra Kidneys – retroperitoneal in position in the superior lumbar region; right kidney sits lower than left
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Causes‚ Food Safety Issues and Public Health Implications [online] Poole: University of Ghana. Available at: http://www.ajfand.net/Volume8/No4/commentaryAfoakwa.pdf [Accessed in 13 May 2013] Emmanuel O. Afoakwa‚ Illustration of kidney stones in human ureter and calyces [photograph] Available at: http://www.ajfand.net/Volume8/No4/commentaryAfoakwa.pdf [Accessed in 15 May 2013] Psufoodscience‚ Melamine [photograph] Available at: http://psufoodscience.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/2007/05/03/melamine_2
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The ureters are about one-fourth inch in diameter and their muscular walls contract to make waves of movement to force the urine into the bladder. The bladder is expandable and stores the urine until it can be conveniently disposed of. It also closes openings into the ureters so that urine cannot flow back into the kidneys. The tube through which the urine flows out of the body is called
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two different plurals. 1. carcinoma- carcinomas 2. frenulum- frenula 3. serum- sera 4. psychosis- psychoses 5. virus- viruses 6. septum- septa 7. femur- femurs 8. kidney- kidneys 9. tongue- tongues 10. urethra- urethrae 11. ureter- ureters 12. malignancy- malignancies 13. leukocyte- leukocytes 14. nucleus- nuclei 15. reflex- reflexes 16. tremor- tremors 17. venogram- venograms 18. suture- sutures 19. macula- maculae 20. thrombus- thrombi 21. tricuspid- tricuspids
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I. Kidney Anatomy A. Every day the kidneys filter nearly 200 liters of fluid from the bloodstream‚ allowing toxins‚ metabolic wastes‚ and excess ions to leave the body in urine while returning needed substances to the blood; of this‚ only 1-2 L of urine is actually formed daily B. Location and External Anatomy 1. Kidneys - bean-shaped organs that lie retroperitoneal in the superior lumbar region. 2. The medial surface is concave and has a renal
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