CIVIL ENGINEERING CAREER OVERVIEW CIVIL ENGINEERS ARE INVOLVED IN MONITORING AND GUIDING AS WELL AS DEVISING AND DESIGNING THE BUILDING OF ROADS‚ GIRDERS‚ BRIDGES‚ AIRPORTS‚ TUNNELS‚ DAMS‚ WATER & SEWAGE SYSTEMS AND OTHER STRUCTURES. CIVIL ENGINEERING IS ONE OF THE OLDEST DISCIPLINES OF ENGINEERING AND CONTAINS A VARIETY OF SPECIALTIES LIKE STRUCTURAL‚ WATER RELATED‚ ENVIRONMENTAL‚ ARCHITECTURAL‚ TRANSPORTATION AND GEO-TECHNICAL ENGINEERING. ADMINISTRATIVE OR SUPERVISORY JOBS ARE HELD BY MANY
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Creates a disturbance in the ocean chain • Major portion of marine pollution are land based TYPES OF MARINE POLLUTIONS Pollutants Entering The Oceans 3% 10% 20% Air Pollution Farm Runoff Litter Sewage 5% 20% 10% Offshore Oil Industrial Waste-Water Maritime Transportation 25% Noise 7% SEWAGE AND AGRICULTURE RUNOFF • • • • Counts up to 45% of entire marine pollution Causes disease outbreaks Contributes to eutrophication Phytoplankton bloom reduces light penetration INDUSTRIAL WASTE
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Before the earthquake‚ Haiti was already a country with high prevalence of infant mortality‚ poor nutrition‚ and diseases such as HIV and Turberclosis. In Haiti ‚“An estimated 87 of every 1‚000 children born die by the age of 5 years‚ and >25% of surviving children experience chronic undernutrition or stunted growth. Maternal mortality rate is 630 per 100‚000 live births.” (SITE) The life expectancy in Haiti is 61 years. Due to low vaccination rates‚ Haitians are at risk of spreading vaccine preventable
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IMPORTANCE OF FRESH WATER All living things on Earth need fresh water in order to survive But human beings become ill and may even die if they cannot get pure or clean and are forced to drink polluted water. Human beings can only last 3 day without fresh water. People died of thirst after the cyclone in 1999 because their supply of fresh water from irrigation channels was destroyed form tidal waves. However water is needed for many more purposes e.g. in agriculture and industries‚ but this water
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20 Interesting and Useful Water Facts | | 1. Roughly 70 percent of an adult’s body is made up of water. 2. At birth‚ water accounts for approximately 80 percent of an infant’s body weight. 3. A healthy person can drink about three gallons (48 cups) of water per day. 4. Drinking too much water too quickly can lead to water intoxication. Water intoxication occurs when water dilutes the sodium level in the bloodstream and causes an imbalance of water in the brain. 5. Water intoxication
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Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes‚ rivers‚ oceans and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and‚ in almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations‚ but also to the natural biological communities. Introduction [pic] Millions
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chemical change that alters the hydrological regime. Most organisms that live in a water-body are sensitive to environmental change‚ whether it is increased turbidity‚ chemical contamination or decreased dissolved oxygen caused by the introduction of sewage. These organisms may die‚ migrate‚ or they may reproduce or metabolize differently. What is important is to be able to identify these changes‚ through measuring and monitoring‚ in order to relate them water quality. Note that in most cases‚ indices
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gained‚ many issues have risen and still exist in the island. In 1997‚ the Department of Environment and Natural Resources announced that Boracay’s waters off Long Beach were contaminated with coliform (Trousdale‚ 1999). This was blamed on inadequate sewage treatment and is aggravated by the large number of tourists arriving in the island (Lujan‚ 2003).This is still a problem in the island until now and yet tourists still flock to Boracay all year round. In the documentary‚ “Ang Tagong Boracay”‚ it
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WATER AS OUR NATURAL RESOURSE There are more than 326 million trillion gallons of water on Earth. Less than 3 % of all this water is fresh water and of that amount‚ more than two-thirds is locked up in ice caps and glaciers. With so much water around it seems like there is enough to see us through for millions of years. But did you know that even water‚ which seems to be in abundance‚ might one day become scarce? Each time you throw something as garbage‚ think of where it will finally end up. Whether
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ENGINEERING DIMENSIONS AND UNITS Fundamental dimension A unique quantity that describes a basic characteristic‚ such as force (F) mass (M) length (L) time (t) Systems of units SI system Systeme International d’ Unites Based on meter for length‚ second for time‚ kilogram for mass and Kelvin for temperature. Force is expressed in Newtons. English (now American) system Feet‚ pounds (mass)‚ seconds‚ pounds (force) cgs system Density The density of a substance is defined
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