Lecture 5 Lizan A. Majeed Reading Paragraph Purpose Each paragraph in a text has a clear purpose. For example: The first paragraph introduces the topic‚ states the purpose of the text‚ or describes a problem or situation. The body paragraphs develop arguments‚ try to persuade‚ suggest solutions‚ or describe developments. The final paragraph concludes‚ evaluates‚ or discusses consequences. Identifying the purpose of each paragraph helps you understand the text and decide where
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Titration Lab How Much Citric Acid is in Your Soda? PURPOSE To determine the molarity (concentration) of citric acid (H3C6H5O7) in various different citrus flavored sodas. BACKGROUND PRINCIPLES Popular sodas all strive for a somewhat sour (’tart’) flavor and manufacturers utilize acids to impart this taste. While there are a vast variety of different brands of sodas on the market‚ they can be broken into two main categories: dark or clear. This differentiation is not only a simple color
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EXTRACTION OF CAFFEINE FROM TEA LEAVES ABSTRACT Caffeine extraction from the commercial tea leaves (Lipton Yellow Label Tea) that was done is multiple extraction. 4 tea bags were used in the experiment; tea leaves were weighed having 8.5333 grams. The leaves were boiled in a beaker with 150ml of water; the aqueous tea extract was transferred in a seperatory funnel mixed with DCM (20ml)‚ done thrice. The DCM layer was washed with 20ml 6M NaOH in the seperatory funnel; the organic layer
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Techniques for Isolation of Pure Cultures Objective : i. To perform the spread plate and the streak plate inoculation procedure for the separation of the cells of a mixed culture so that discrete colonies can be isolated. ii. To prepare a stock culture of an organism using isolates from the mixed cultures prepared on the agar streak-plate and/or the spread plate. Introduction : In order to be able to adequately study and characterize a certain microorganism‚ microbiologists need to separate
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PRODUCTION OF CITRIC ACID Introduction: Citric acid is a White solid‚C3H4OH(COOH)3‚soluble in water and slightly soluble in organic solvents‚ which melts at 153 oC. Aqueous solutions of citric acid are slightly more acidic than solutions of acetic acid. Traces of citric acid are found in numerous plants and animals‚ because it is a nearly universal intermediate product of metabolism. Large amount of the acid are found in the juice of citrus fruits‚ from which it is precipitated by the
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Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Santos‚ Raphael‚ Samson‚ Nonia Carla‚ *Tabora‚ Brylle‚ Tan‚ Kate Michal Department of Biological Sciences‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines Abstract Tea leaves are natural products that are harvested from agriculture. Caffeine‚ on the other hand‚ is a stimulant that has been shown to speed up the time of reaction‚ increase alertness‚ and improve one’s concentration. What we did in this experiment was to extract the alkaloid caffeine content
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Acids And BAses Acids And BAses 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Theories of acids and bases Properties of acids and bases Strong and weak acids & bases The pH scale Calculations involving acids and bases (AHL) Buffer solutions (AHL) Salt hydrolysis (AHL) Acid-base titrations (AHL) Indicators (AHL) 8 8.1 THeORies OF Acids And BAses 8.1.1 Define acids and bases according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories. 8.1.2 Deduce whether or not a species could act as a Brønsted–Lowry
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M. S. Ntamila and A. Hassanali University of Dares Salaam P.O. BOX 35061 Tanzania kolation of Oil of Clove and Separation of Eugenol and Acetyl Eugenol . An instructive experiment for beginning chemistry undergraduates chloride‚ and hydroxamic ester tests‚ and the preparation of the henzovl derivative of eupenol. Finally‚ ir spectra of the two components are examined‚ and the information ohtained comoared with that from chemical tests. Practical Detalls Crush about 30-35 g of cloves with pestle
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physical activity and obesity among urban‚ rural and slum populations in north India”. Obese 9(5):400-408. 5. Micha‚ R. and Mozaffarian‚ D. (2008)‚ “Trans fatty acids: effects on cardio metabolic health and implications for policy. prostaglandins‚ leukotrienes and essential fatty acids”‚ 79: 147-152. 6. Dhir‚ S. (2009) “Regulation of trans fatty acids in partially hydrogenated”. Food journal 109(2):182-195. 7. Center for Science in the Public Interest‚ (2012) “Trans fat: On the way out” Available at:
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A REPORT ON THE OVER-EXTRACTION OF GROUNDWATER IN QUEENSLAND Prepared for: THE IDEAS SUMMIT ON THE ENVIRONMENT Due: 22 May 2013 Submitted: 22 May 2013 Prepared By: Katie Gray Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to focus on an aspect of environmental economics‚ namely over-extraction of groundwater in Queensland and provide and evaluate a possible solution for this issue. Groundwater is a valuable resource which is not being protected in Queensland. Its preservation
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