Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow‚ Corporate Finance‚ and Takeovers Michael C. Jensen Harvard Business School MJensen@hbs.edu Abstract The interests and incentives of managers and shareholders conflict over such issues as the optimal size of the firm and the payment of cash to shareholders. These conflicts are especially severe in firms with large free cash flows—more cash than profitable investment opportunities. The theory developed here explains 1) the benefits of debt in reducing agency
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Determination of per Unit Total Costs. The estimated unit costs for Hoteling Industries‚ when operating at a production and sales level of 10‚000 units‚ are as follows: Cost Item Estimated Unit Cost Direct materials $15 Direct labor 10 Variable factory overhead 8 Fixed factory overhead 5 Variable marketing 4 Fixed marketing 3 Required: (1) Identify the estimated conversion cost per unit. (2) Identify the estimated prime cost per unit. (3) Determine the estimated total variable cost per unit. (4)
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Quiz 2 1) Cost-volume-profit analysis is used primarily by management: A) as a planning tool B) for control purposes C) to prepare external financial statements D) to attain accurate financial results Answer: A Diff: 1 Terms: cost-volume-profit (CVP) Objective: 1 AACSB: Communication 2) One of the first steps to take when using CVP analysis to help make decisions is: A) finding out where the total costs line intersects with the total revenues line on a graph. B) identifying which costs are variable
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2‚500 units of GX1. The company only makes GX1 to order and currently has no other orders in process. The production requirements for GX1 are as follows: Materials: Three types of material are used in production: Amount Cost Resale Current used per unit price value price to buy Material A 12kg £2.50 £1.00 £2.75 Material B 4kg £7.00 £5.50 £8.50 Material C 6kg - £6.50 - Material A is used extensively throughout the company’s range of products. Current stocks
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fields. (The Norwegian currency is the krone‚ which is denoted by Nkr.) The company uses a sob-order costing system arid applies manufacturing overhead cost to jobs on the basis of direct labor-hours. At the beginning of the year‚ the following estimates were made for the purpose of computing the predetermined overhead rate: manufacturing overhead cost‚ Nkr360‚000; and direct labor-hours‚ 900. The following transactions took place during the year (all purchases and services were acquired on account):
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Materials .............................................................................................................7 1. Projects‚ The Cutting Edge of Development ....................................................................9 What Is a Project? .................................................................................................................9 Plans and Projects .................................................................................................................11
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Costs and budgets The management of costs is a very important aspect of managing financial resources. If costs are not managed effectively‚ it can lead to profits being damaged and the business potentially unable today its expense. Keeping within a budget‚ increasing income in order to cope with change and making sure that working capital is available and money and set aside for emergencies is all part of the balancing exercise. Costs managed to budget McDonald’s budget was adverse as there
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Assignment: Fixed cost Dora McKinney Hsm/260 Week 4 Instructor: Greg O’Donnell Fixed Costs‚ Variable Costs‚ and Break-Even Point Exercise 10.1 Month Meals Served Total Costs July 3‚500 $20‚500 Low August 4‚000 22‚600 September 4‚200 23‚350 October 4‚600 24‚500 November
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COST ANALYSIS OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION MEANING DEFINITIONS TYPES OF COSTS MONETARY COSTS REAL COSTS OPPORTUNITY COSTS ECONOMIC COSTS ACCOUNTING COSTS INCREMENTAL COSTS SUNK COSTS FUTURE COSTS PRIVATE‚ EXTERNAL AND SOCIAL COSTS FIXED / SUPPLEMENTARY / OVERHEAD COSTS VARIABLE / PRIME COSTS REPLACEMENT COSTS PRODUCTION COSTS SELLING COSTS CONTROLLABLE COSTS DIRECT COSTS INDIRECT COSTS SHORT RUN COSTS CURVES LONG RUN COSTS CURVES OBJECTIVES To understand the meaning of cost. To discuss different types
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A process is a series of activities or operations‚ which are linked to perform a specific objective. True False 2. The cost flows for a process-costing system are totally different from those of a job order costing system. True False 3. Process systems are characterized by a larger number of homogeneous products passing through a series of processes. True False 4. The production report is the document that summarizes the manufacturing activity that takes place in a work-in-process
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