The doctrine of Indoor management‚ popularly known as the Turquand’s rule initially arose some 150 years ago in the context of the doctrine of constructive notice. The doctrine of constructive notice of a company’s public documents was‚ of course‚ abolished prospectively. The rule was partly dictated by practical necessity - persons contracting with a company were not expected to spend their time checking that any required resolutions had properly been passed‚ at meetings that had been correctly
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The Australian postal service In the 1950s‚ Australia’s postal needs were serviced by the PMG (Post Master General). The PMG was responsible for telegraph and home telephone operations‚ as well as postal services. In 1954‚ the PMG began offering the Teleprinter Exchange‚ or Telex‚ to the public. The telex was an electric typewriter that delivered typed messages along telegraph lines. This new technology was a great convenience‚ especially to businesses which no longer had to rely on the slower
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Auditing Problem 2-1 A. The objective of the IAASB is to provide the public interest by having the high quality auditing and by doing that‚ they enhance the quality and the practice throughout the world to strengthen the public confidence in the global auditing and assurance professions. They are dealing with auditing‚ review‚ other assurance‚ quality control‚ and related services. The International standards on auditing are issued by the International federation of accountants which then is through
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COURIER SERVICES OVER PUBLIC POSTAL SERVICES “A courier service is an organization which offers special deliveries of packages‚ money‚ documents or information. Courier services usually boast faster delivery times than any alternative method of transporting documents‚ and many services in the modern world rely on them. The idea of couriers and a courier service has been around almost as long as civilization‚ with rulers in antiquity using couriers as a means to make new laws and edicts known throughout
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INTRODUCTION There has been debate over the Rule of Law suggesting a separation between the rules by law and rules made by mere power of a ruler. In the days of Aristotle and Plato‚ there was a clear distinction between rules and rule by mere power. These distinctions will be discussed below‚ detailing the benefits and defects of both types of rules. More recently‚ the Rule of Law encompasses both rules (mainly Statutes) and judiciary-made rules. Statutes are necessary to limit judges’ ultra vires
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The rule of law is a key constitutional principle that is the basis of legal justice. In explaining the legitimacy of the law‚ it stands as the cornerstone principle of the UK constitution. Given the fact that the UK does not have a codified constitution that establishes “the arrangements by which it is to be governed‚ nor does it have a set of core values by which the state is to be run” it has been described as “an integrated expression of historical experience conferring a unified meaning on
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Constitution‚ which declares it to be Secular‚ Socialist‚ Republic and at the same time we are governed by Rule of Law. Law is the supreme authority which confers rights to its citizens and under which most important is the “Equality before the law” and “Equal protection of Law”. The constitution of India has been made the supreme law of the country and other laws are required to be in conformity with it. Any law which is found in violation of any provision of the constitution‚ particularly‚ the fundamental
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Gissubel Hart’s Rule of Recognition and American Law According to Hart‚ a rule of recognition is the basis on which a society deems its laws to be valid. It is the reason for people in a society to act in accordance with primary and secondary rules set forth by the governing power. The primary justification for adherence to law is interpreted as the rule of recognition‚ for it defines obligation to such law as a standard for society. This foundation provides criteria for the validation of law and‚ though
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ExceptionToRuleOFLaw The above rule of equality is however not an absolute rule and there are number exception to it v ‘Equality of Law’ does not mean the power of the private citizens are the same as the power of the public officials. Thus a police officer has the power to arrest you while no other private person has this power. This is not violation of rule of law. But rule of law does require that these powers should be clearly defined by law and that abuse of authority by public officers must
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paper called “Drones and the International Rule of Law” by Rosa Brooks‚ it can be concluded that the paper is about the challenges for the International Rule of Law due to the implementation of Drones by the U.S. that neither fits into current Internationally accepted UN charters nor Geneva Conventions. Author’s stance is not clear because she seems to be criticizing drone strikes of the U.S.‚ however she rejects that it is a violation of International Law‚ rather she claims the U.S. is trying to put
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