School‚ which believed that crime was a characteristic of human nature and instead believed that criminality was inherited. From this belief‚ he developed a theory of deviance in which a person’s bodily constitution indicates whether or not an individual is a "born criminal." These "born criminals" are a throwback to an earlier stage of human evolution with the physical makeup‚ mental capabilities‚ and instincts of primitive man. Biological theories of deviance see crime and deviant behavior as a
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Outline and evaluate one or more social psychological explanations for aggression. There are many social psychological explanations for aggression that try and explain the cause of aggression. The social learning theory originated from work by Tarde who looked at key characteristics of imitation and the ways in which our social behaviours and responses could be shaped by the actions of others. Bandura developed this theory and thought it had four basic processes; attention‚ retention‚ reproduction
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Outline and evaluate research into Conformity as an explanation of Human Social Behaviour “Conforming” is when a person changes the way they act and think to fit in with the majority of people in a group to gain acceptance. Kelman (1958) said that there are 3 types of conformity‚ Compliance‚ which means going along with others to gain approval and avoid rejection and accepting the group view in public but not private. Identification is conforming to someone who is liked and respected and Internalisation
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Outline and evaluate restoration explanations for the functions of sleep [8 + 16] intro: Aleep is divided into several different stages. SWS and REM sleep are associated with particular benefits. Oswald (1980) proposed that each of these had different functions - slow wave sleep enables body repair and REM enables brain recovery. SWS – initiates body repair (Oswald) Growth hormone – important in childhood because it stimulates physical growth. Important throughout lifespan for protein synthesis
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Outline and evaluate research into types of attachment. Ainsworth conducted a study to observe types of attachment behaviours with occur between a mother and a child. She used observation to witness these behaviours. By placing the child in a set up play room with one way glass allowed natural behaviour to be observed without interference from the psychologist. Ainsworth used several situations including a mother a child and a stranger. Firstly the mother and the child entered the room‚ the child
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Using the material from item A and elsewhere assess the usefulness of Marxist approaches to an understanding of crime and deviance. (21 marks) Marxist approaches can be useful to help us understand crime and deviance. Marxists theory adopts the belief that the ruling class is responsible for societies. They think crime is systematically generated by the structure of capitalist society. Marxists believe that society is divided into two classes‚ the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie
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Outline and evaluate research into the effects of failure to form attachment (privation). Students are likely to describe cases of isolated children such as the Czech twins or Genie. Relevant studies of institutional care include Hodges and Tizard‟s longitudinal study of 65. British children from early life to adolescence and Rutter‟s study of Romanian orphans adopted by British families. Earlier research such as Skodak & Skeels or Spitz & Wolf may also be cited. Animal research‚ such as that of
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phenomenon of crime from the perspective of political conservatism. Right realism assumes it takes a more realistic view of the causes of crime and deviance. Right realists believe crime and deviance are a real social problem that requires practical solutions. It is said that right realism perpetuates moral panics as a means of swaying the public to agree with their views. For example‚ the media claims that elderly people are scared to be attacked when venturing out‚ when in actuality crimes against OAP’s
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December 2013 Crime Rates: Explanation for the Decline Introduction The United States is marked by criminal justice difficulties. In a nation as diverse as this country‚ it is complex to effectively establish a manner in which to deflect crime. Since the middle of the 20th century the crime rate soared quickly. This held true especially for violent crimes. However‚ since the 1980’s crime rates in the United States have felt a steep decline. According to the FBI Uniform Crime Report‚ the 2012
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Describe and evaluate two treatments for unipolar depression (25 marks). It has been believed that psychological disorders‚ like physical illnesses‚ have organic causes. Therefore‚ mental disorders are treated just like physical ones. Earlier treatments have included things like trepanning which was carried out in the stone again. Nowadays we have much safer and effective treatments such as therapies and drug treatment. Low levels of both noradrenaline (nora) and serotonin (sero) have been
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