Mesopotamia and Harappan societies have long been compared throughout the history of archaeology. Mesopotamia‚ also known as‚ ’the land between the rivers‚’ was named for the triangular area between the Tigris and the Euphrates river‚ (Nov. 7 lecture). In recent use‚ it covers a broader area referring to most of what is now Iraq. This adds ancient Assyria and Babylonia to the scope of Mesopotamia (Schultz and Lavenda 1995:310). Parts of Mesopotamia were not inhabited at all until approximately 8000
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Documents points to the existence of a powerful and knowledgeable race‚ prior to the oldest civilizations (pre historic era according to us). It should be noted that the drainage and plumbing systems used by the Indus Valley civilization at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were much advanced than most of the current systems. Known oldest civilizations are Mesopotamian‚ Egyptian‚ Indus Valley etc. Some of the Indus Valley articles (writings / carvings) points to their ancestors who were termed as Gods (meaning‚ much
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Geography and Early Civilizations Geography had a tremendous impact on early civilizations‚ the topography of the different regions played a key role in their development and formation. This statement by Fernand Braudel “ Geography is the stage in which humanity’s endless dramas are played out” (Getz et al.‚ Exchanges‚ 26) is a very moving and telling description. The terrain‚ whether it is natural or man made is not the end all‚ be all. It does however affect the stage a great deal. Mountainous
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2.5 mil years=human exisitence Human drawbacks—Aggressive‚ babies are dependent‚ aware of death‚ back problems from upright stature Human benefits—Regular sex drive‚ manipulate objects with opposable thumb‚ facial expressions‚ speech‚ distinctive brain‚ omnivores help us live in multiple climates and settings Paleolithic Age—old stone age‚ simple tool use of rocks and sticks‚ fire tamed 14‚000 years ago‚ emphasis on more erect stature and growth in size of brain=homos erectus‚ developed and spread
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Notes from Stearns’ text book World Civilization 1:1 The Neolithic Revolution (10-13) • Farming initially developed in the Middle East‚ the Fertile Crescent. Grains such as barley and wild wheat were abundant. Also‚ not heavily forested‚ and animals were in short supply‚ presenting a challenge to hunters. 10‚000 BCE to 8‚000 BCE. Notice: it took thousands of years for this “revolution” so not fast but profound for history. Agriculture was hard for many hunting and gathering peoples to
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I. The Quest for Order A. Mesopotamia: "The land between the rivers" 1. Sumer a. Sumerians migrated to Sumer‚ 5000 B.C.E.‚ built irrigation networks b. Became dominant by 3000 B.C.E. c. Other inhabitants‚ mostly Semites - Akkadian‚ Hebrew‚ Aramaic‚ Phoenician 2. Sumerian city-states a. A dozen cities dominated the area from 3200 to 2350 B.C.E. b. Internal and external pressures promoted cities to become states c. Importance of government in irrigation and self-defense 3. Sumerian
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city‚ the first we know of were located in Mesopotamia and in Egypt along the Nile. Before this time it was uncommon for communities to reach considerable size‚ although there were exceptions such as Jericho and Mehrgarh. Among the early cities‚ Mohenjo-daro of the Indus Valley Civilization was the largest‚ with an estimated population of 41‚250 ‚ as well as the most developed in many ways‚ as it was the first to use urban planning‚ municipal governments‚ grid plans‚ drainage‚ flush toilets‚ urban
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BURIAL PRACTICES One of the most enlightening and problematic expressions of identity is burial practice. Burials link several lines of inquiry into a single research object. They represent a single or small series of closely linked events. Biology‚ art‚ religion‚ communication‚ society‚ and personal psychology can all ideally be preserved in or represented by burials. A burial can be a snapshot of a people and their culture. Research into the burial practices of the Harappan Civilization has
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Right from the beginning of their relationship with India‚ the British‚ who had come as traders and had become rulers and administrators‚ had influenced the economic and political systems of the country. Their impact on the cultural and social life of India was‚ however‚ gradual. Till 1813‚ they followed a policy of non-interference in the social and cultural life of the Indians. Yet‚ changes were taking place in these fields (the social life of Indians). These changes related to education‚ the condition
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briefly go over the background so that audience can get a in a historical perspective of Sindh as its an ancient province whose civilization stretches back to the earliest human settlements. The ancient Sindhi people embraced a peaceful way of life. Mohenjo-Daro‚ a city that flourished in 2600 B.C.‚ showed advanced city planning and well developed arts‚ yet an absence of even basic military fortifications and weapons. The rural areas of Sindh are still in the clutches of the grove problem like increasing
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