Biology Final Review Chapter 1 Biology unifies much of natural science * Living systems: most complex chemical systems on Earth * Constrained by properties of chemistry and physics * Science is becoming more interdisciplinary (combining multiple fields) 7 characteristics of all living organisms 1. Composed of cells 2. Complex and ordered 3. Respond to their environment 4. Can grow‚ develop‚ and reproduce 5. Obtain and use energy 6. Maintain internal balance
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------------------------------------------------- Glossary acids molecules that have a pH level less than 7‚ dissociate in water‚ and release hydrogen ions (H+) action potential the electrical potential determined by unequal ion distribution when a particular site on the neuron membrane is conducting an impulse; normally about +40 millivolts activation energy the amount of energy required before a chemical reaction can occur; this amount is reduced when an enzyme is present active process
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Unit 5 Biology notes Contents Section 9.1 – Sensory Reception 3 Section 9.2 – Nervous Control 4 Section 9.3 – Control of heart rate 5 Section 9.4 – Role of receptors 6 Section 10.1 – Coordination 8 Section 10.2 – Neurons 10 Section 10.3 – The nerve impulse 11 Section 10.5 – The speed of a nerve impulse 12 Section 10.6/10.7 – Structure and function of the synapse / Transmission across
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TimeLine of Genetics 1750 B.C.E. The Sumerians brew beer. 500 B.C.E. The Chinese use moldy soybean curds as an antibiotic to treat boils. C.E. 100 Powdered chrysanthemum is used in China as an insecticide. 1590 The microscope is invented by Zacharias Janssen. 1663 Cells are first described by Robert Hooke. 1675 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria. 1797 Edward Jenner inoculates a child with a viral vaccine to protect him from smallpox. 1830 Proteins are
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information from DNA through RNA to the production of a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide:-The structures involved in polypeptide synthesis are:DNA: A gene contains a sequence of bases to code for a protein. Every set of 3 bases is called a codon. RNA: RNA is similar to DNA except that instead of deoxyribose as the sugar‚ it has ribose. It is single stranded‚ and instead of thymine‚ there is uracil. There are 3 forms involved in polypeptide synthesis:mRNA: Messenger RNA carries the genetic code
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Quiz # 2 on lectures 3‚ 4‚ and including Chapter 2 1. Difference occurs in the sequence of long chain molecules and becomes information in biological organisms. ‘Life’ assembles itself into chains: (A) of RNA (B) all of the answers are correct (C) of DNA (D) of protein (E) none of these answers are correct 2. Which of the following foods is not a significant source of complex carbohydrates? (A) fresh fruit (B) rice (C) pasta (D) oatmeal (E) all of the above are significant
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organisms into three domains. Three domains of living organisms: 1. Archaea - very primitive; live in extreme habitats 2. Eubacteria - more advanced 3. Eukaryota - all life forms with eukaryotic cells (have a nucleus) Use of ribosomal RNA sequences for classification rRNA is found in all cells rRNA is easy to isolate Analyzed to determine the exact sequence of nucleotide bases The bases are a complimentary copy of DNA Can be compared by the use of computers and statistics F.1.2
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GATE 2011 Syllabus for Biotechnology Linear Algebra: Matrices and determinants‚ Systems of linear equations‚ Eigen values and Eigen vectors. Calculus: Limit‚ continuity and differentiability‚ Partial derivatives‚ Maxima and minima‚ Sequences and series‚ Test for convergence‚ Fourier Series. Differential Equations: Linear and nonlinear first order ODEs‚ higher order ODEs with constant coefficients‚ Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations‚ Laplace transforms‚ PDE- Laplace‚ heat and wave equations.
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NEURONAL DIVERSITY - Categories of neurons of CNS: 1. Afferent/ sensory neurons – convey information from periphery to CNS 2. Motor- sends commands to muscles and glands 3. Interneurons – most abundant signalling elements in the CNS ( process information locally or convey information from one region of CNS to another • Types: a. Local interneurons/ internuncial neurons/ local circuit neurons – short axon Golgi type II (greatly outnumber type I in CNS)
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It can be made from glucose in the body. Question 3 of 30 Which of the following describes a process in protein synthesis? The code to make a protein is carried by a strand of messenger RNA. The final step in completing the protein is carried out in the mitochondria. The function of transfer RNA is to assist in absorption of amino acids into the cell. The DNA binds to ribosomes and directs uptake of specific amino acids to form the peptide chain. Question 4 of 30 A common
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