4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde or as it is better known‚ vanillin is most commonly used to create imitation vanilla essence (Southam‚ 2013). Figure 1: vanillin structure Vanillin was first synthesised from eugenol from 1874 – 2001‚ from where it was later made from lignin- containing sulphite liquor which is a by-product of wood pulp processing in paper pulp manufacturing‚ most recently it is more common to find vanillin made from guaiacol and glyoxlic acid (3D chem‚ 2013). Vanillin is most commonly found in food
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1. Defects of Timber A defect is an irregularity or abnormality occurring in or on wood which is responsible for its Strength reduction; Lowering of durability; Lowering of utility; Poor appearance; and‚ Decay Classification of Defects: a. Caused due to natural forces b. Caused due to insects c. Caused due to fungi d. Caused due to conversion e. Caused due to seasoning a) Defects due to natural forces: Chemical stain - the wood is sometimes discolored by the chemical action caused with it by some
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Both Plants and fungi affect the carbon cycle though they do it in different ways- both of them interfere with it while they are attempting to get food/energy to survive on. Each have adapted so they can live in an environment where they can source enough food to survive. They get these things from different sources so grow in very different conditions in order to survive. Plants live in places with lots of sunlight as well as a place where they can source water whereas fungi can live almost anywhere
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species are ideal candidates for the production of bioethanol as carbohydrates from algae can be extracted to produce fermentable sugars. In addition‚ microalgae-based carbohydrates are mainly in the form of starch and cellulose (with the absence of lignin)‚ are thus much easier to convert to monosaccharides when compared with lignocellulosic materials (Harun et al.‚ 2010; Ho et al.‚ 2012; John et al.‚ 2011). Many researchers have reported that the genus of Chlorella possess has a high carbohydrate
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SEM images of the surface of kepok banana peel powder and cellulose extracted from kepok banana peel are show in figure 2 at a 10.000 magnification. From the image‚ cellulose and banana kepok peel powder showed different size and shape. The banana kepok peel powder has been found many small particles in the surface that cause the morphology is irregular shapes and heterogeneous‚ whereas the morphology of cellulose is homogeneous with the structure of dense and large particles. Composition elements
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Science far project | INTRODUCTION It has been proven that temperature does effect the growth of mold. Freezing temperature completely stops the growth of mold. HYPOTHESIS Bread mold will grow faster in a warm and damp environment. Also‚ light‚ temperature‚ & humidity influence the growth rates of bread mold. VARIABLES For this experiment‚ the independent variable is the environment in which the bread slice is kept. The dependent variable is the growth of bread mold. This is determined
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Blooms Taxonomy - Questioning Concept Language Knowledge: Tell what you know or remember. What is…? Where is…? Which one…? Who‚ What‚ Why‚ When‚ Omit‚ Choose‚ Which‚ Name‚ Select‚ Find‚ Match‚ Name‚ Label‚ Show‚ Recall Comprehension: Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas. How would you compare…? Contrast…? Which is the best answer…? How would you classify the type of…? Compare‚ Contrast‚ Demonstrate‚ Illustrate‚ Rephrase‚ Show‚ Classify
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3.3. Atomic H/C and O/C ratio The Atomic H/C and O/C for heavy oil obtained from different HDO solvent is presented in Fig. 2. Conversion and removal of unstable acid‚ aldehyde‚ sugar and water might reduce the O/C ratio. The atomic ratio was calculated by the value of water excluded heavy oil‚ since H/C ratio could also decrease‚ despite hydrogenation. Compared with that of bio-oil (0.9)‚ atomic O/C ratio was effectively reduced via HDO reaction (0.2-0.8)‚ H/C ratio reduced 1.0-2.0 (compared with
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rates of colon‚ prostate cancer and breast cancer are also observed in vegetarians. Phytochemicals are excellent anti-oxidants which act by metabolizing carcinogens in the body and lowering the incidence of cancer. Some other phytochemicals such as lignin and phytoestrogens in soy lower the incidence of hormone dependant cancers‚ such as prostate and breast cancer. This can explain the lower incidence of breast cancer in Asian women who consume soy
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material‚ fertilizer‚ insulation material‚ or fuel. Production Rice hulls are the coating for the seeds‚ or grains‚ of the rice plant. To protect the seed during the growing season‚ the hull forms from hard materials‚ including opaline silica and lignin. The hull is mostly indigestible to humans. One practice‚ started in the seventeenth century‚ to separate the rice from hulls‚ it to put the whole rice into a pan and throw it into the air while the wind blows. The hulls are blown away while the
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