TOPIC 2 Metals The History of Metals * Uses of metals through history: * Copper Age (3200-2300 BCE) – copper and tin were most common metals‚ and were used for ornaments‚ weapons and tools. * Bronze Age (2300-700 BCE) – copper‚ tin and bronze were used for tools‚ weapons and transport. They produced bronze by heating copper and tin with charcoal. * Iron Age (1000 BCE – 1 CE) – iron steel and lead was used for tools‚ weapons and pipes. Iron is much harder than bronze.
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Service Capacity * Service Capacity is defined as the maximum level of value-added activity‚ which can be consistently achieved over a period of time under normal operating conditions. * The important consideration is that the service provider should be able to sustain provision of service at such a rate comfortably under normal working conditions. * It can be expressed as : 1. Max. number of patient attended by a Doctor / hr. 2. Max. number of calls attended by a Executive
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Chapter 12: Capacity Planning Question #1: Why are facilities decisions often made by top management? What is the role in these decisions of operations‚ marketing‚ finance‚ accounting‚ engineering‚ and human resources? “Facilities decisions often made up by the top management and the chief executive‚ and the board of directors because these decisions are strategic in nature‚ they require the input of all functional areas in the firm.” It is longest-term planning decision that contains all the important
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Heat and Temperature Heat is often described by the average individual as being the change in temperature from hot to cold. “Often the concepts of heat and temperature are thought to be the same‚ but they are not.” Heat and Temperature‚ para. 2) Perhaps the reasoning behind the incorrect reasoning is that humans associate the two together because when heat is applied to an object the temperature rises. The kinetic theory of matter better explains the underlying cause as to what takes place
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Alkali Metals Introduction Alkali metals refer to six elements belonging to the Group IA of the long form of the Modern Periodic Table‚ viz. Lithium (Li)‚ Sodium (Na)‚ Potassium (K)‚ Rubidium (Rb)‚ Cesium (Cs) and Francium (Fr). Fr is a radioactive element. These elements are called so because they form strongly alkaline oxides and hydroxides. Electronic Configuration of Alkali Metals Each of the alkali metals has one electron in their outermost (valence) shell‚ which is just outside an inert
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contribution 0.0845 0.5634 0.3521 1.0000 0.0567 0.225 0.211 0.4927 Break-even ($) = ! [ !! !" !" !" ] = = $"#$‚!!! !.!"#$ $649‚482.44 (b) A firm is about to undertake the manufacture of a product‚ and is weighing three capacity alternatives: small job shop‚ large job shop‚ and repetitive manufacturing. The small job shop has fixed costs of $3‚000 per month‚ and variable costs of $10 per unit. The larger job shop has fixed costs of $12‚000 per month and variable costs of
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EXTRACTION OF METALS SUMMARY Most metals exist in compounds in rocks in the Earth’s crust. Many of these ores contain oxides or sulphides of the metals. The compounds need to be reduced to produce the metals as elements. Metals are very useful to us because of their special properties. Reduction means removal of oxygen or gain of electrons. Carbon is a good chemical reducing agent because it readily combines with oxygen‚ but it is only useful for the metals below it in the Reactivity
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Problems for heat integration 1. The stream data extracted from a specified section of a chemical process are given in Table 1 below. Table 1: Stream Data Stream Supply Temperature TS (oC) Target Temperature TT (oC) Heat Duty (MW) No Type H1 H2 H3 C1 C2 Hot Hot Hot Cold Cold 150 40 130 150 50 30 40 100 150 140 7.2 10 3 10 3.6 You are required to perform a heat recovery analysis for the plant section stated above. Given the Tmin for the
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Capacity Planning Based on time horizon or duration it is viewed in three (i) Long-range Capacity Planning Time horizon is of more than one or two years. It is carried for productive resources which a long time. Long-range capacity planning requires participation and approval of top management personnel. (ii) Intermediate-range Capacity Planning It has a time horizon for 6 to 18 months. It may be varied by such alternative such as hiring off or laying off labour‚ purchasing or making new tools
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CAPACITY AND DEMAND Capacity management is the activity of coping with mismatches between supply and demand. Capacity is the ability an operation or process has to supply demand. Usually this means how many products or services it can produce over a period of time. It’s something that is a basic responsibility of operations managers in any kind of organization. Therefore‚ one of the first things that any manager must ask themselves is‚ what is the operation’s‚ or process’s‚ current capacity
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