Introduction Chronic kidney disease is defined as presence of kidney damage or decreased kidney function for three or more months‚ irrespective of the cause[1]. Persistent damage or decrease in kidney function for at least three months‚ is necessary to differentiate between acute and chronic renal disease. There are different stages of CKD and different diagnostic methods by which it can be diagnosed. Stages of CKD: Stage1 − GFR >90 mL/min per 1.73 m2 Stage 2 − GFR 60 to 89 mL/min per 1.73
Premium Chronic kidney disease Nephrology Renal failure
I. Kidney Anatomy A. Every day the kidneys filter nearly 200 liters of fluid from the bloodstream‚ allowing toxins‚ metabolic wastes‚ and excess ions to leave the body in urine while returning needed substances to the blood; of this‚ only 1-2 L of urine is actually formed daily B. Location and External Anatomy 1. Kidneys - bean-shaped organs that lie retroperitoneal in the superior lumbar region. 2. The medial surface is concave and has a renal
Premium Kidney Nephron Urine
point in a fluid has the same magnitude in all directions. (Pressure is a scalar) Variation of Pressure with Depth It will come as no surprise to you that pressure in a fluid at rest does not change in the horizontal direction. This can be shown easily by considering a thin horizontal layer of fluid and doing a force balance in any horizontal direction. However‚ this is not the case in the vertical direction in a gravity field. Pressure in a fluid increases with depth because more fluid rests on
Premium Fluid dynamics Force Fluid mechanics
Intravenous Fluid Selection LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this chapter‚ you should be able to: Describe and differentiate colloid and crystalloid IV fluids Understand osmosis as it pertains to water movement with IV therapy Define tonicity and the actions of isotonic‚ hypotonic‚ and hypertonic crystalloids in the body Identify the three most common IV solutions used in the prehospital setting‚ and classify them as isotonic‚ hypotonic‚ or hypertonic Describe how an IV fluid is packaged and
Premium Intravenous therapy Blood
WHAT IS FLUID MECHANICS ? FLUIED: Any thing whose particles can move easily from one place to another that means shape can be easily changed upon the application of negligible force. MECHANICS: Study of response of bodies upon the application of force. FLUID MECHANICS : Fluid mechanics may be defined as the branch of engineering science which deal with behavior of fluids under the condition of rest and
Premium Liquid Viscosity Fluid
rate of water from the pressure difference of both venturi and orifice devices. To compare between theoretical and actual volumetric flow rate through the discharge coefficient concept. To know how rotameter works. INTRODUCTION The measurement of fluid flow is important in applications ranging from measurements of blood-flow rates in human artery to the measurement of liquid oxygen in a rocket. The selection of the proper instrument for a particular application is governed by many variables‚ including
Premium Fluid dynamics
Steroids has side effects on the Kidneys as some people might not be aware of it. Kidneys has important functions for the body such as the regulation of blood pressure‚ and removal of waste material from the blood. However‚ steroids could cause severe damages and serious effects on the kidneys if people use them regularly. Also‚ Steroid users usually take Ultra high protein‚ and some might over intake them with weight training which could lead to kidney stones; kidney stones blocks the opening of the
Premium Nutrition Obesity Hypertension
Chapter 3: FLUID FLOW CHAPTER THREE FLUID FLOW 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Fluid Flow Unit Pump Test Unit Hydraulics bench and accessories Flow Curve Determination for Non-Newtonian Fluids Fixed and Fluidized Bed Facts which at first seem improbable will‚ even in scant explanation‚ drop the cloak which has hidden them and stand forth in naked and simple beauty. GALILEO GALILEI 1 3.1. FLUID FLOW UNIT Keywords: Pressure loss‚ straight pipe‚ pipe bend‚ orifice meter‚ venturi meter
Premium Fluid dynamics Viscosity
little read: ... The cell membrane structure-Fluid mosaic model The cell membrane separates a watery cytoplasm from a watery external environment also known as ECF. The phospholipids are arranged in a double layer (lipid layer) with the hydrophilic heads facing outward (cytoplasm or ECF) and the hydrophilic tails turned in towards each other. The unsaturated fatty acids are not bonded to each other and form a fluid. Fluid Mosaic model. The term "fluid" is used because the phospholipid molecules and
Premium Protein Cell membrane Lipid bilayer
Fluid Mechanics Report Instruction Water turbine is a very common used throughout the world to generate power. Although the concept of the Impact of a Jet is essentially simple‚ and it can has a highly hydraulic efficiency‚ the factor of how can produce a powerful reaction force back is also has to be considerate truly. If we can manage well‚ we can determine the best situation and the optimum deflection angle out‚ for getting the optimum force that the impact can produce. But first of all‚ we
Premium Force Fluid dynamics Water jet cutter