Explain how the law of diminishing returns and returns to scale affect a firm’s cost of production (20 Marks) The law of diminishing returns exist when increasing quantities of a variable input are combined with a fixed input‚ which eventually leads to the marginal product and the average product of that variable input will decline. Diminishing returns can affect a firms cost of production negatively in the short run. An example of this is that a business had 2 factors of production; Capital‚ which
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Returns to Scale Returns to scale is a concept that tries to explain the behaviour of the output in relation to the change in the total scale of operations of the firm. A change of scale of operations means a change in the total size of the firm‚ i.e. a change in both labour and capital of the firm. For determining the returns to scale‚ we need to calculate the Output Elasticity where: Output Elasticity = % change in Output/% change in all inputs The different types of returns to scales
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THE LAWS OF RETURN TO SCALE The laws of return to scale explain the behavior of output in response to a proportional and simultaneous change in input. Increase in inputs proportionately and simultaneously is in fact expansion of the scale of production. Statement: “As a firm in the long run increases the quantities of all factors employed‚ other things being equal‚ the output may rise initially at a more rapid rate than the rise of increase in inputs‚ then output may increase in the same proportion
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COST OF PRODUCTION CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Types of costs 3.1 Opportunity‚ implicit and explicit costs 3.2 Fixed and variable costs 3.3 Average costs 3. Types of cost curves 4.4 Marginal cost curve 4.5 Average cost curves 4. Costs in Short run and in the Long run 5.6 Short run 5.7 Long run 5.8 Economies of scale 5. Cost analysis in the real world 6.9 Economies of scope 6.10 Experiential
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Costs of Production July 2011 Topics to be Discussed Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter? How do Cost Curves Behave? – Cost in the Short Run – Cost in the Long Run How to Minimize Cost? How to draw Implications for Business Strategy? Topics to be Discussed Production with Two Outputs: Economies of Scope Dynamic Changes in Costs: The Learning Curve Estimating and Predicting Cost Measuring Cost: Which Costs Matter? Accountants tend to take a retrospective view of firms’ costs‚ whereas
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The Costs of Production Production and Costs Costs in the Short Run Fixed Costs Implicit Costs Explicit Costs Variable Costs Average Costs Marginal Costs The Symmetry Between Production and Costs Total Product and Total Cost Curves Geometry of Average and Marginal Costs Curves Average Physical Product and Average Variable Costs Marginal Physical Product and Marginal Cost Costs in the Long Run Isocost Lines Cost Minimization The Expansion Path and the Long Run Total Cost Curve Average Cost and
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CHAPTER 22 The Costs of Production Topic Question numbers ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Costs: explicit and implicit 1-9 2. Profits 10-23 3. Short run versus long run 24-31 4. Law of diminishing returns 32-55 5. Short-run costs 56-157 6. Long-run costs 158-193 Last Word 194-196 True-False 197-210 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
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The law of diminishing returns only applies in the Short Run‚ when only one factor of production is variable and can be increased. The other factors of production are fixed. Thus as the variable factor of production is increased the marginal product of that factor will rise at first‚ but will at some point begin to fall. Returns to scale can only occur when no factors of production are fixed. If the quantities of all of the factors of production are increased‚ then output will also increase. However
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Cost of Production Fixed costs are those that do not vary with output and typically include rents‚ insurance‚ depreciation‚ set-up costs‚ and normal profit. They are also called overheads. Variable costs are costs that do vary with output‚ and they are also called direct costs. Examples of typical variable costs include fuel‚ raw materials‚ and some labour costs. An example Production costs Consider the following hypothetical example of a boat building firm. The total fixed costs‚ TFC‚ include
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Generally‚ the term cost of production refers to the ‘money expenses’ incurred in the production of a commodity. But money expenses are not the only expenses incurred on the production of a commodity. There are number of services and inputs such as entrepreneurship‚ land‚ capital etc.‚ which are offered by an entrepreneur without changing any price or receiving any payment for them. While computing the total cost of production‚ allowance should be made for such expenses. It is therefore essential
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