Undistributed and retained profit is the main source of internal fund. The average cost rate of different sources of fund is known as cost of capital. Cost of capital is only minimum required rate of return to earn on investment and it is not the actual earning rate of the firm. Retained earnings‚ used as a part of the capital structure of a business firm‚ is that part of the earnings available to common shareholders not paid out as dividends or the earnings plowed back into the firm for growth. As
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ON COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RETAINED EARNINGS OF LUPIN v/s WYETH INTRODUCTION Managing a company’s operations‚ marketing and sales activities and expense management are but a few of the decisions that management has to deal with. After it has made a profit the company will then need to decide what to do with those profits. Among the options for using profits are: operations‚ returning cash to shareholders‚ or keeping cash in reserve for future use Retained earnings represent the amount a company
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RETAINED EARNINGS CHAPTER 19 DEFINITION: Retained Earnings represents the cumulative balance of: Periodic net income or loss Dividend distribution Prior periodic errors Changes in accounting policy‚ and Other capital adjustments The illustrative statements of financial position and statement of changes in equity in IAS 1 and IAS 8 still maintain the title “retained earnings” 2 KINDS OF RETAINED EARNINGS Unappropriated Appropriated UNAPPROPRIATED RETAINED EARNINGS Represent
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Question 3-3 If a “typical” firm reports $20 million of retained earnings on its balance sheet‚ could its directors declare a $20 million cash dividend without having any qualms about what they were doing? Explain your answer. Its directors could declare a $20 million cash dividend without having any qualms about what they were doing‚ because retained earnings may not held as cash. Retained earnings represent the cumulative total of all earnings kept by the company during its life. Therefore‚ $20
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ARCHITECTURE The problems to estimate the cost of capital Before starting to describe the problems associated to the estimation of the cost of capital‚ it is extremely relevant to describe its meaning: according to Investopedia‚ it is “the cost of funds used for financing a business”. In order to carry out this process‚ the companies can only be financed through equity; only through debt; or using a “combination of debt and equity” - in this particular case it is a “overall cost of capital derived from
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The Usefulness of Accounting Estimates for Predicting Cash Flows and Earnings Baruch Lev* New York University Siyi Li University of Illinois Theodore Sougiannis University of Illinois and ALBA January‚ 2009 * Contact information: Baruch Lev (blev@stern.nyu.edu)‚ Stern School of Business‚ New York University‚ New York‚ NY 10012. The authors are indebted to the editor and reviewers of the Review of Accounting Studies for suggestions and guidance‚ and to Louis Chan‚ Ilia Dichev‚ John Hand
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AND COST ESTIMATES xiv DETAILED COST ESTIMATE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF TWO-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH ROOF DECK Location: Naga City Owner: Ryan M. Bajaro A. SITEWORKS Item Description | Quantity | Unit | Unit Cost (Pesos) | Total Cost | 1. Clearing and Grubbing | 630 | m2 | 50 | 31‚500 | 2. Excavation | 140 | m3 | 500 | 70‚000 | 3. Gravel Bedding | 30 | m3 | 850 | 25‚500 | 4. Madrigal Soil (Fill) | 49 | m3 | 350 | 17‚150 | 5. Labor Cost (30%) |
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form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists). Oligopolies can result from various forms of collusion which reduce competition and lead to higher costs for consumers. [1] With few sellers‚ each oligopolist is likely to be aware of the actions of the others. The decisions of one firm therefore influence and are influenced by the decisions of other firms. Strategic planning by oligopolists needs to take into account the likely responses of the other market
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higher education. Maybe you think you can get by perfectly fine with just a high school diploma. For very few‚ this is true. However‚ the need for a college degree today is greater than ever. The cost
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Good afternoon everyone‚ today we are going to continue to talk about the consequence of Earning Management‚ I am xxx We will present the bad side of earning management through 2 cases‚ The first one is Enron: what happened and what we can learn from it and the second one is the ethical dilemma at Northlake. Both cases are present how management is motived to manipulate accounting numbers to achieve their specific purpose‚ for example in the first case‚ Enron increased their net income through
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