various experts‚ professors and authors. All these researches and discussions have given rise to various Leadership Theories. A review of the leadership literature reveal has given rise to various theories like “The Charismatic Theory”‚ “The Trait Theory”‚ “The Behavioural Theory”. . A basic introduction of the various theories is been given in the table below. Leadership Theory Time of Introduction Major Tenets Charismatic Leadership 1920s and 1970s and 1980s Effective leaders inspire subordinates
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School: “Modern” Structural Organization Theory (197) Time Line: post World War II. “Modern” structuralists are grounded in the thinking of Fayol‚ Taylor‚ GulickA‚ and Weber‚ and their underlying tenets are quite similar: Organizational efficiency is the essence of organizational rationality‚ and the goal rationality is to increase the production of wealth in terms of real goods and services. Dominant Model‚ Metaphor‚ Underlying Assumptions: 1. Organizations are rational institutions
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Expectancy theory proposes that a person will decide to behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be.[1] In essence‚ the motivation of the behavior selection is determined by the desirability of the outcome. However‚ at the core of the theory is the cognitive process of how an individual processes the different motivational elements. This is done before making the ultimate
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Prospect theory Prospect theory was developed by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky in 1979 as a psychologically realistic alternative to expected utility theory. It allows one to describe how people make choices in situations where they have to decide between alternatives that involve risk‚ e.g. in financial decisions. Starting from empirical evidence‚ the theory describes how individuals evaluate potential losses and gains. In the original formulation the term prospect referred to a lottery.
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restricts the study of human nature to what can be observed rather than to states of consciousness. An alternative to the materialist view is behaviourism. Behaviourism is the theory that one can observe various physical actions of an individual in order to determine ones inner feelings. For example‚ if someone is smiling‚ skipping‚ and has their head up‚ one can assume that this person is cheerful or happy. Some psychology behaviourists believe the states of consciousness cannot
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Theories of emotion The James-Lange Theory American Psychologist William James and the Danish Psychologist Carl Lange. James-Lange theory holds that physiological response give rise to our cognitive experience of emotion. Our body responds to a perception of an event before we experience the emotion. James-Lange Theory: 1. Event 2. Arousal 3. Emotion Example: The dog is growling; My muscles tense; My heart races; I feel afraid. The Cannon-Bard Thalamic Theory Walter Cannon a psychologist
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Structural Functionalism (Herbert Spencer) is a sociological theory that attempts to explain why society functions the way it does by focusing on the relationships between the various social institutions that make up society (e.g.‚ government‚ law‚ education‚ religion‚ etc) Structural Functionalism is a theoretical understanding of society that posits social systems are collective means to fill social needs. In order for social life to survive and develop in society there are a number of activities
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Speculating the Limits of Theory by Malini Foobalan As a second year architecture student‚ I find myself speculating about things that I never thought I would. The question to myself in fact‚ is why I care questioning‚ and what is it that has made me come up with such questions. Is it the influence of people around me‚ my developing critical thinking or‚ is it an arbitrary questioning that a typical architecture student would engage in? One of my favorite questions is
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Liberterian theory is a political philosophy that advocates free will‚ indivual rights‚ and voluntary cooperation. (Boaz‚ David 1997) The core doctrine of liberterianism begins with the recognition that people have certain natural rights to personal autonomy and property rights‚ and the right to ultilization of previoously unsued resourses. These two basic assumptions form the foundation of Liberterian ideas. Liberterianism can be tracked back to ancient China‚ where phillosopher Lao-tzu advocated
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Learning Theories – Module 5.1‚ 5.2‚ 5.3 Answer each of the following questions as completely and as extensively as possible. (Before completing this handout‚ please review these sections of Chapter 5: “Classical Conditioning‚” page 180; “Operant Conditioning‚” page 190; “Cognitive Learning Theory‚” page 205.) 1. Who is Ivan Pavlov and what was his contribution to psychology? Pavlov’s discovery that dogs would salivate to particular sounds in his laboratory led him to identify a process of
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