The European Court of Justice as an actor of European Integration Context The European Court of Justice is the institution of the European Union which encompasses the whole judiciary. It is seated in Luxembourg and is was established in 1952 as the Court of Justice of the European Coal and Steel Communities for the interpretation of the Treaty of Rome. Indeed‚ its main function is to ensure that the law is observed in the interpretation and application of the Treaties. Since its establishment
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Singapore Management University | The enhancement of the European Parliament: Effects on Policies | | Suriagandhi Selathorai 11/13/2012 | The enhancement of the European Parliament: Effects on Policies Introduction The European Parliament (EP) was established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. In the original institutional design of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)‚ the EP was not intended to play any key major roles. The EP was one of the oldest common institutions where
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Topic: The subsidiarity principal in the European UnionContent:1.Introduction2.The origins and first manifestations of the principal of subsidiarity in the EC3.The subsidiarity principle itself- The Treaties of Maastricht and Amsterdam4.Case law and the European Court of Justice4.1.The Tobacco Advertising Case4.2.The Working Time Directive5.Evolution of the Principle in recent years- From Amsterdam until today6.Conclusion1.IntroductionSubsidiarity can be defined as:"the principle that a central authority
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Core Issues in European Politics 3 Main sources of political conflict in Europe 1. National Interests 2. Ideology 3. Domestic Politics - Most relevant political arena for most politicians - Euroscepticism / Populism Issue 1: European Finances Issue 1.1: Debt Crisis • • • • Public Debt Low growth Ageing + Welfare States Targets of financial speculation: - Portugal‚ Ireland‚ Italy‚ Greece‚ Spain (’PIIGS’) Issue 1.2: Troubled Banks Issue 1.3: Welfare State Reform • Welfare spending
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English Part 2 Words: 1132June 4‚ 2013 Gender Quota in European Companies Women are having a hard time reaching top positions in companies. The European Union recognizes this problem and decided to implement new laws that require quotas for women in businesses. According to the European Commission‚ women need to work an extra of 59 days to match the salary earned by men‚ which makes an average gender pay gap of 16.2% across the European Union in 2010. ("Equal pay day:‚" 2013). The reason why the
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Political‚ economic and legal aspects in European integration issues. Communities. The first step in post-war integration was the European Coal and Steel Community (EC&SC)‚ the treaty signed in Paris on 18th April 1951 (entered into force on 23 July 1952. It expired in 2002. Another two fundamental treaties were signed in Rome in 1957 by the six original member states in order to form the European Economic Community - EEC and EURATOM Treaty (European Atomic Energy Community). These treaties
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P&G’S Pert Plus: A Pan-European Product? QUESTION 1 How attractive is the pan-European market for Pert Plus in terms of demand potential? Competition? Any cannibalization problems? P&G is an international supplier of consumer goods it is a "global leader in health and beauty care products‚ detergents‚ diapers and food . P&G’s presence in the hair care market in the U.S has been strengthened by innovative technology BC-18 and the replacement of an old brand ’Pert’ with ’Pert Plus’- a mild shampoo
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of economic integration within European nations. Integration was inevitably triggered by the geopolitical and economic considerations that emerged after the Second World War for the European states. A restrained Germany alongside US and French interest in economic progression through increased trade links are the key factors behind why European integration occurred. The Treaty of Rome would predominantly bring on European integration in 1957‚ which established the European Economic Community (EEC)
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Mały skrypcik: Introduction to European Institutional Law ;) Na podstawie programme 2013. Materiały → dr Izabela Skomerska-Muchowska‚ notatki z zacnych wykładów jejmości i inne niezbędności. Ania‚ Asia‚ Artur ;) Special thanks to Maciek! 1. Evolution of European integration and legal character of the European Union a. Political foundations of European Communities 9th of May 1950 – Schuman’s Plan (Schuman – French foreign minister) "Europe will not be made all at once‚ or according to a single
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Europe and also elsewhere in the world. Every year European Union produces around 2 billion tone of waste materials and the number is getting 10% bigger every year. There is also a constant increase of carbon dioxide emissions that are a result of increasing consumption of energy and cars. Majority of European Union members is fighting with utmost and more and more frequent weather conditions‚ heat waves and floods‚ that have disastrous outcomes - economic and also for people. Climate changes have influence
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