Photosynthesis is the process of transforming light energy into chemical energy that is used to build carbohydrates. Light reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast‚ sunlight and water are the substrates for this reaction. The conversion of light energy can go through two pathways: noncyclic and cyclic. In noncyclic light transport‚ both Photosystems II and I are involved producing ATP and NADPH. Photosystem II absorbs 680 nm of light energy‚ with the oxidation of water; chlorophyll
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Mitochondrion Mitochondrion is an organelle found both in plant and animal cells which provides energy to the cell by cellular respiration. The structure of mitochondrion‚ cellular respiration and the endosymbiotic theory will be discussed in this essay. In comparison with some of the other organelles within the cell‚ mitochondria serve some unique purposes in the function of the cell. Structure As known‚ all organelles have different important structures. Mitochondrion consists of an outer membrane
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1. Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway through which glucose (C6H12O6) is oxidized to pyruvate (CH3COCOO−). It takes place in the cytosol of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. During the first steps of glycolysis‚ 2ATP molecules are used to attach two phosphates to the glucose molecule‚ leaving a 6-carbon sugar diphosphate and 2 ADP molecules. Afterwards‚ the 6-carbon sugar diphosphate is split into two 3-carbon sugars by the enzyme Isomerase. The two 3-carbon sugar molecules then both undergo
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A mitochondrion (Terminologia histologica: Mitochondrion) is a cell organelle of eucaryotes with ovoid shape that is the major source for intracellular energy. Mitochondria are present in all but mature red blood cells. They can migrate through the cytoplasm and change their shape. These organelles have an outer unit membrane (membrana mitochondrialis externa) and an inner membrane (membrana mitochondrialis interna). The latter has protrusions into the matrix (mitochondrial plasma). Depending on
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he Krebs Cycle also expressed as: CH3C(=O)C(=O)O− (pyruvate) + HSCoA + NAD+ → CH3C(=O)SCoA (acetyl-CoA) + NADH + CO2 is the main pathway in all aerobic organisms. Basically it’s the way that cells produce energy for itself‚ but the only issue is it requires the presence of oxygen. In total eight reactions that take place in the mitochondria‚ and these reactions result in two carbon molecules and oxidizes it into carbon dioxide. Step 1 Citrate synthase bridges to Oxaloacetate substrates which can
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tough membrane‚ there has to be a way for things to enter the cell. This is where the channel proteins come in. They act as gateways to the cell. There are many ways to enter the cell. Some ways require energy‚ while others don’t. The ways that require energy are put into a category called active transport‚ while the ways that don’t require energy are put into a category called passive transport. An example of active transport is the proton pump. The proton pump is an integral part of chemiosmosis‚
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Glycolysis Two stage process Stage 1 – trapping and destabilising glucose in order to produce 2x3c molecules (5steps in the process). Requires energy (2 ATPs) Stage 2 – oxidation of the 3c molecules to pyruvate (5steps in the process). Energy generated (4tps and 2 NADH) Stage 1 Step 1 – trapping glucose‚ glucose enters via facilitated diffusion through specific transport proteins. The family of transporters is known as GLUT‚ GLUT 3 (brain‚ nerve tissue) Low Km allows relatively constant rate
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The Cytoplasm Caroline Moore How to identify the organelle: The cytoplasm lies directly outside the nucleus‚ filling up the “empty space” outside of the Nucleus- (the pink sphere in the middle of the cell in the diagram on the right). Function of the organelle in an animal cell: Cytoplasm is the jelly-like part of the cell. It is where the nutrients are used. It is used to provide support for the other organelles in the cell like the nucleus and cytoskeleton
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molecules in three stages‚ glycolysis: in the cytosol‚ the citric acid cycle: in the mitochondrial matrix and oxidative phosphorylation: at the mitochondrial inner membrane (1). The 6-carbon molecule of Glucose is broken down into 3-carbon pyruvate molecules during the nine stages of glycolysis. However‚ for this reaction to occur‚ 2 ATP molecules must be broken down to power the segregation process of glucose into 2 pyruvates (3). Throughout this process‚ glycolysis produces four ATP‚ which results
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it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae. Plants need only light energy‚ CO2‚ and H2O to make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts‚ specifically using chlorophyll‚ the green pigment involved in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves‚ and little to none occurs in stems.. The upper and lower epidermal cells do not have chloroplasts‚ thus photosynthesis does not occur there. They serve primarily as protection
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