Being able to determine whether a cost is fixed or variable is vital to the understanding of overhead loading and cost behavior. A fixed cost is unchanged with a change to the cost driver. (Horngren‚ Sutton‚ and Stratton p.46) Which means that a fixed cost does not rise with the change is production of your product. A good example of a fixed cost is rent. No matter how many widgets you make (within a relevant range) your rent will not increase. A variable cost‚ on the other hand‚ does change with
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As noted in Chapter 2‚ financial institutions and markets create the mechanism through which funds flow between savers (funds suppliers) and borrowers (funds demanders). All else being equal‚ savers would like to earn as much interest as possible‚ and borrowers would like to pay as little as possible. The interest rate prevailing in the market at any given time reflects the equilibrium between savers and borrowers. INTEREST RATE FUNDAMENTALS The interest rate or required return represents the
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LECTURE 7 BOND VALUATION CLASS QUESTIONS Information for 1 & 2 Consider the following $1‚000 par value zero-coupon bonds: Bond Years to Maturity Price A 1 $909.09 B 2 $811.62 C 3 $711.78 D 4 $635.52 1). The yield to maturity on bond A is . a. 10% b. 11% c. 12% d. 14%
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induced aggression‚ irritable aggression‚ territorial aggression and instrumental aggression. Through out the many generations of humans‚ aggression has been a well-known behaviour that affects each and every one of us at some point of our lives. The variables that could possibly determine the severity of aggression are biological influences‚ neural influences‚ social influences‚ biochemical influences‚ and environmental influences. Biological influences refer to the genes each and every one of us
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Chapter 2 – VALUATION AND CHARACTERISTIC OF BONDS AND STOCKS 1.0 Bonds A bond is a promissory note issued by a business or a governmental unit. Treasury bonds‚ sometimes referred to as government bonds‚ are issued by the Federal government and are not exposed to default risk. Corporate bonds are issued by corporations and are exposed to default risk. Different corporate bonds have different levels of default risk‚ depending on the issuing company ’s characteristics and on the terms of the specific
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Agri-environment contract adoption under fixed and variable compliance costs. This report looks at the agri-environment contract adpted by farmers’ to be able to contribute and partake in the enrivonmental schemes through pressure groups and government. It provides disctinct description to the differences in fixed and variable costs. The purpose of explaining the differences were to illustrate how farmers partaking to the project would be different than how much land will be needed to chip in the
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RATES AND BOND VALUATION L E A R N I N G LG1 Describe interest rate fundamentals‚ the term structure of interest rates‚ and risk premiums. LG2 Review the legal aspects of bond financing and bond cost. LG3 LG4 Discuss the general features‚ quotations‚ ratings‚ popular types‚ and international issues of corporate bonds. LG5 LG6 G O A L S Apply the basic valuation model to bonds and describe the impact of required return and time to maturity on bond values. Explain
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Use the following information for Questions 1 and 2: A stock has a required return on 11 percent. The risk-free is 7 percent‚ and the market risk premium is 4 percent. What is the stock’s beta? 1.2 1.1 1.0* 0.9 If the market risk premium increases to 6 percent‚ what will happen to the stock’s required rate of return? 6.00% 7.00% 11.00% 13.00%* Stock R has a beta of 1.5‚ Stock S has a beta of 0.75‚ the expected rate of return on an average stock is 13 percent‚ and the risk-free
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Market at compelling Valuation–Good Opportunity to buy quality in staggered way (Based on Mean Reversion Theory) Dividend Yield‚ Price/Sales and EV/Sales ratios are more consistent to evaluate the valuations for equity markets. Generally the most popular tool-PE ratio is used to gauge the top and bottom of market. Contrary to this‚ we found that the above mentioned ratios have low standard deviation vis a vis PE or other multiples and hence are better for overall market valuation. Even though the
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Introduction to Bond Market A financial market place where debt instruments‚ primarily bonds‚ are bought and sold is called a bond market. The dealings in a bond market are limited to a small group of participants. Contrary to stock or commodities trading‚ the bond market (also known as the debt market) lacks a central exchange. The bond market (also known as the credit‚ or fixed income market) is a financial market where participants can issue new debt‚ known as the primary market‚ or buy and sell
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