Proposition II states that higher debt does not affect cost of capital of a firm. The reason is that the lower cost of debt is offset by a greater cost of equity‚ which means investors demand a higher return on equity as a result of the higher risk coming with more debt‚ that holds the firm’s cost of capital unchanged. Based on the above proposition‚ moderate borrowing may not increase the return on equity. It is suggested that the firm’s capital structure (proportions of debt and equity) is irrelevant
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DUMMY ADVERTISING VEHICLE Dummy vehicle advertising is pretesting method of measuring advertisement effectiveness. Pretesting: Pre-tests include both concept ads and finished ads that have not yet been deployed or been evaluated and measured. In the concept test‚ the ad has not yet been created or is in an intermediary state of completion. It might be in storyboard form‚ live-action rough form‚ or exist as an animatic. The consumer might be able to offer some suggestions and reactions about
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Introduction: The Indian Banking sector well shielded by the Central bank of the country has managed to sail through most of the crisis. But‚ currently in light of slowing domestic GDP growth‚ persistent inflation‚ asset quality concerns and elevated interest rates‚ the investment cycle has been wavering in the country. The major reasons for conducting the study on banking sector was that the Indian Banking industry has gone under significant deregulation with the objectives of increasing efficiency and
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NA Credit card has undoubtedly made our lives easy but it is important that you use credit cards in the right way so that you can make the most of it without getting caught in the credit trap. All you have to do is to keep a track of your purchases‚ remember you payment cycles‚ try to settle full credit card payments at the end of every month‚ avoid spending in excess and carry your cards cautiously. If handled properly‚ credit cards can serve to be very convenient but they can also lead you to a
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Major risks and implications of those risks for the conduct of the audit. Financing and market risk The Company generally borrows on a long-term basis and is exposed to the impact of interest rate changes and foreign currency fluctuations. Debt obligations at December 31‚ 2007 totaled $9.3 billion‚ compared with $8.4 billion at December 31‚ 2006. The net increase in 2007 was primarily due to net issuances of $573 million and the impact of changes in exchange rates on foreign currency denominated
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9-595-026 REV: OCTOBER 2‚ 2002 V. KASTURI RANGAN Citibank: Launching the Credit Card in Asia Pacific (A) On a rainy afternoon in 1989‚ Rana Talwar‚ head of Citibank’s Asia Pacific Consumer Bank‚ reflected upon the 11 years that had gone by since the Consumer Bank had established its consumer business in Asia. The branch banking business operations in 15 countries throughout Asia Pacific and the Middle East projected Citibank as a prestigious‚ consumer-oriented international bank and as the
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Chapter 1 1.1 Background of the study: Credit Risk Grading is an important tool for credit risk management as it helps a Bank to understand various dimensions of risk involved in different credit transactions. Credit Risk Grading Manual of Bangladesh Bank was circulated by Bangladesh Bank vide BRPD Circular No. 18 dated December 11‚ 2005 on Implementation of Credit Risk Grading Manual which is primarily in use for assessing the credit risk grading before a bank lend to its borrowing clients.
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Debt Ratio Debt Ratio • defined as the ratio of total debt to total assets‚ expressed in percentage‚ and can be interpreted as the proportion of a company’s assets that are financed by debt. • Measures the proportion of total assets financed by the firm’s creditors. The higher this ratio‚ the greater amount of other people’s money being used to generate profits. Formula: • The debt ratio is calculated by dividing total debt by total assets. Debt Ratio = Total Debt Total Assets Examples •
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Case Study : How much do credit card companies know about you? 1. What competitive strategy are the credit card companies pursuing? How do information systems support that strategy? The competitive strategy that the credit card companies are pursuing is product differentiation and customer and supplier intimacy. Product differentiation – we make use of IS in order to create new product and services at the lower cost. According to the case‚ the credit card companies are making use of the data to
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Franking Credit: A type of tax credit found in countries such as Australia that allows domestic companies to pass through taxes that have already been paid on corporate profits. The investor receiving stock dividends will also receive a quantity of franking credits in proportion to the overall tax rate of the company per dollar in profits. When filing personal income taxes‚ the investor will record as income both the amount of the dividend and the amount of the franking credit; however‚ the
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