FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE INTRODUCTION TO PRACTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – MAKING AND PURIFYING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Stage 1 – Deciding how much reagent to use Most organic reactions do not go to completion; most reach an equilibrium position with significant quantities of reactants still remaining. In addition‚ separating the desired product from the rest of the reaction mixture‚ and then purifying it‚ will result in the loss of more of the product. The amount of product obtained expressed as a percentage
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Synthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water. H O H R O H Alcohols are usually classified as primary‚ secondary and tertiary. H R H OH H primary R R OH R R OH OH R secondary tertiary phenol Alcohols with the hydroxyl bound directly to an aromatic (benzene) ring are called phenols. Nomenclature of Alcohols (Normally any compound’s name which ends in –ol is an alcohol of some sort) IUPAC rules that:
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Alkane‚ Alkene‚ Alkyne & Aromatic Learning Objectives 1. 2. 3. Determine the IUPAC name‚ common name and structure of an alkanes‚ alkenes and cycloalkanes. Identify the physical properties of alkanes. Describe briefly natural sources and importance of alkanes Describe reactions of alkanes Propose a mechanism on free radicals substitution 4. 5. 6. Describe the preparation and reactions of alkenes. 7. Propose mechanism on preparation; dehydration of alcohol 8. Define carbocation
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H.B Fuller and the Street Children Of Central America (Honduras) Introduction Background of the case is the misuse one of the adhesives‚ Resistol‚ a toluene base glue‚ by the street o children of america‚ where the social economic were taken part of this situation. The resistol were produced by H.B Fuller company‚a global manufacture of adhesives‚ selalants‚ and other specialty chemicals‚ and had operations in over 40 countries in North America‚ Europe‚ Asia and Latin America. H.B Fuller 1994 total
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Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder first documented this type of reaction‚ hence the name Diels-Alder reactions. Their reaction is one of the more useful reactions done in chemistry because it does not require very much energy in order to make the cyclohexene ring and the result can create four stereo centers‚ making it compatible for a variety of functional groups which still has double bonds in the products. Dimethyl Tetraphenylphthalate. Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (0.100g)‚ dimethyl acetylene-dicarboxylate
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Bromination of Trans-Cinnamic Acid Christopher B. Martin CHEM 3411 1 Mechanism of Bromine Addition to Alkenes Understanding the chemical mechanism (order of bonds broken and made as well as intermediates formed) has a great value in chemical synthesis. The chemical mechanism of a reaction will influence the rate of the reaction‚ the stereochemistry of the product(s)‚ and the extent of possible undesired side reactions. Organic reaction mechanisms investigate the path towards a desired product
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Production of materials 1B – identify the industrial source of ethylene from the cracking of some of the fractions from the refining of petroleum Industrial source of ethylene (ethene) * Obtained from Crude oil – fractional distillation * Heated to high temps * Components vaporise and rise up tower where condense and collect * Lower the boiling point‚ higher up tower compound rises * Separates crude oil into fraction each with different boiling range - Catalytic Cracking
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Appendix APPENDIX 1 Chemical tests for functional groups Homologous series/ Typical compound Functional group(s) Alkanes CH3CH3 ethane C – C and C–H Alkenes CH2 = CH2 ethene C=C Chemical tests/Observations Add liquid bromine in ultraviolet light (or sunlight): White fumes of HBr liberated; decolourisation of bromine occurs slowly (a) Add Br2 in CCl4 at room temperature: Decolourisation of bromine occurs immediately CH2 = CH2 + Br2 → CH2BrCH2Br (b) Add acidified
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Abstract The bromination of trans-cinnamic acid was completed to determine dibromide’s stereochemical structure and its mechanism. After the addition of bromine to trans-cinnamic acid‚ the product was identified by its melting point and infrared spectrum resulting in erythro-2‚3-Dibromo-3-phenylpropanoic acid after comparing similar properties. Introduction In this lab‚ the bromination of trans-cinnamic acid was completed to determine dibromide’s stereochemical structure‚ and from there determine
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affecting the rate of a chemical reaction 24 17. The kinetics of the iodination of propanone 25 18. Reactions of organic compounds 26 19. Preparation of cyclohexene from cyclohexanol 27 20. Preparation of 1‚3-dinitrobenzene 28 21. Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes 29 22. Alcohols and phenol 30 23. Preparation
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