Quality cost measurement under activity-based costing Wen-Hsien Tsai National Central University‚ Chung-Li‚ Taiwan‚ Republic of China Introduction Many companies in the world gradually promote quality as the central customer value and regard it as a key concept of company strategy in order to achieve the competitive edge (Ross and Wegman‚ 1990). Measuring and reporting the cost of quality (COQ) is the first step in a quality management program. Even in service industries‚ COQ systems receive considerable
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Process costing is used for homogenous products (continuous flow processes such as producing cans of soda). Job-order costing is used in situations where the organization offers many different products or services‚ such as in furniture manufacturing‚ hospitals‚ and legal firms. Process costing is used where units of product are homogeneous‚ such as in flour milling or cement production. The purpose of a job order cost accounting system is to assign and accumulate costs for each job‚ i.e
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MARGINAL AND ABSORPTION COSTING Marginal costing is a technique in which production units are valued at marginal cost of production and fixed costs are written off as period costs. It follows that‚ stocks are valued using only the variable cost of production whereas fixed costs are treated as relating to the period and must be taken off in total. Management accounting is based on marginal costing. TERMINOLOGY USED. Gross contribution: Is the difference between sales value and variable costs
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Introduction Activity Based Costing (ABC) is a methodology that identifies activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity with resources to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each. By using ABC to assign the overhead costs to each activity‚ the following steps should be followed: 1. Identify and define activities using interviews and surveys. Then build a list of activities. • Activity name-usually consists of an action verb and an object.
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Activity-Based Costing (Encyclopedia of Management) * Activity-Based Costing (Encyclopedia of Small Business) Activity-Based Costing * Print * PDF * Cite * Activity-based costing (ABC) is an accounting method that allows businesses to gather data about their operating costs. Costs are assigned to specific activitiesuch as planning‚ engineering‚ or manufacturingnd then the activities are associated with different products or services. In this way‚ the ABC method enables a
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Periodic Actual Cost Processing Logic An Oracle White Paper June 2003 Periodic Actual Cost Processing Logic Table of Contents 1.0 Executive Overview ................................................................................... 1 2.0 Introduction................................................................................................. 2 3.0 FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS ...................................................................... 2 4.0 PRE-REQUISITE..............................
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the need to make a pricing decision. In fact‚ buyers of many products will want an estimated price or a quotation before they agree to purchase. Managers may also need to decide whether production should be stopped‚ stepped up or switched to new methods or new materials. Managers also need to compare actual product costs with original budgets and to compare the current period with past time periods. In calculating the cost of a product‚ both direct labor and direct materials are often easy to identify
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Activity based costing (ABC) is a relative new way to allocate costs to specific processes and services. This system assures that the costs are accurately distributed to the products or services that generated them. ABC illustrates costs more accurately‚ giving management insight to the cost associated with certain business activities. ABC extends the decision-making skills of management by expanding on traditional costing (job order costing/process order costing) techniques. However‚ since ABC ’s
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Budgeted Production Cost and Variance Analysis. At the beginning of 2011‚ Jejemon Corporation adopted the following standards: Direct Materials (3 lbs. @ P2.50 / lb) P 7.50 Direct Labor (5 hours @ P7.50 / hr) 37.50 Factory Overhead: Variable (P3.00 per direct labor hour) 15.00 Fixed (P4.00 per direct labor hour) 20.00 Standard Cost per unit P 80.00 Normal volume per month is 40‚000 standard labor hours. Jejemon’s january budget was based on normal volume. During January
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& Service costing Service Costing Unit costing is the method of costing used when the cost units are identical. Identical cost units should have identical costs and this concept of equality of costs is the basic feature of unit costing. It may be noted that process costs‚ output costing and service costing are the sub-divisions of unit costing method. Service Costing – Nature and Problem: Service or operating cost is the cost of providing services. Service costing is the term
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