Aggregates for Concrete Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand‚ gravel‚ or crushed stone that‚ along with water and cement‚ are an essential ingredient in concrete. Aggregates are the most mined materials in the world. For a good concrete mix‚ aggregates need to be clean‚ hard‚ strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete. Aggregates‚ which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume
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Date | 16 April 2013 | Page No. | 1 | Title: Standard Operating Procedures of Making a Concrete Block. | Department/ Unit: | This Standard Operating Procedures has been done by Department of Production and Manufacturing of Concrete Block | Purpose: | The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedures of making a concrete block is to provide instructions in order to manufacture a concrete block. | Who can perform this SOP: | Skilled worker technician. | Equipment/ Tools Needed:
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Introduction Concrete mixtures can be designed to provide a wide range of mechanical and durability properties to meet the design requirements of a structure. The compressive strength of concrete is the most common performances measure used by engineer in designing buildings and other structures. The compressive strength is measured by breaking concrete specimen in a compression-testing machine. The compressive strength is calculated from the failure load divided by the cross-sectional area resisting
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object thereby strengthening it. The idea of pretensioned concrete has been around since the late 19th century‚ but its use was limited by the quality of materials available at the time. It wasn’t until the 1920s that materials of a suitable quality were available in sufficient quantity to allow pretensioned concrete to be used with confidence. The pioneers of this field were Freyssinet‚ Magnel and Hoyer. Description: In pre-tensioned concrete tensile elements such as cables‚ ribbons‚ or rods are clamped
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placed between the two BS 5400 results‚ or close to the lower values. The Eurocode 2 results were usually reasonably close to the mean of the other results. The CEB-FIP-1990 results were consistently the lowest for high steel stresses and high concrete cover values. Results with varying spacing were close to Eurocode 2 results. The ACI 318 results were consistently the highest‚ being close to and
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Engineering B45 Concrete Lab Report Introduction: Concrete is a mixture of sand and rock or similar inert material (aggregates) held together by a cementing material. Usually the cementing material is Portland cement‚ but sometimes binders such as asphalt or gypsum are used‚ in which case the concrete may be called asphaltic concrete or gypsum concrete. Properties of concrete are governed not only by the properties of its ingredients (cement‚ water‚ sand‚ and coarse aggregate) but also‚ to a great
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single-dwelling occupancies D. impact-resistant gypsum board is easily differentiated from regular gypsum board 7. Which of the following is MOST likely to contribute to rapid structural failure in a wood-frame dwelling? A. gypsum board interior walls B. concrete basement floor C. plywood subfloor covered with carpet D.
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introduction of concrete as a construction medium and the true arch as a structural component made it possible for the Romans to build strong‚ elaborate‚ expansive structures that would endure the test of time. Concrete Roman concrete‚ called opus caementicium‚ was made by mixing traditional lime mortar with stone aggregate called caementa. This material used less water and was very thick compared to modern concrete; therefore it was laid rather than poured (Roman Architecture‚ n.d.). Concrete was an important
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7166M01.qxd_lb 6/3/09 09:38 AM Page 1 1 BASIC CONCEPTS 1.1 INTRODUCTION Concrete is strong in compression‚ but weak in tension: its tensile strength varies from 8 to 14 percent of its compressive strength. Due to such a low tensile capacity‚ flexural cracks develop at early stages of loading. In order to reduce or prevent such cracks from developing‚ a concentric or eccentric force is imposed in the longitudinal direction of the structural element. This force prevents the cracks
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VSL FLOATING CONCRETE STRUCTURES EXAMPLES FROM PRACTICE SECOND PRINTING JULY 1992 VSL INTERNATIONAL LTD. Berne / switzerland Table of contents Page 1 Preface 1. Introduction 1 2. VSL Systems and Service Range 4 2.1. 2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3. 2.1.4. 2.1.5. 2.2. VSL Systems Introduction VSL Post-tensioning VSL Slipforming VSL Heavy Lifting Other VSL Systems Services offered by VSL 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 3. Examples from Practice 7 3.1. Introduction 7 3.2. 3.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.2.3. 3.2.4. 3.2.5.
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