stones structure is made of two phases‚ crystalline minerals and non-crystalline organic matrix phases. Renal calculi contains five major types of crystal minerals such as calcium oxalate‚ calcium phosphate‚ struvite‚ uric acid and cystine. Out of these crystals the most common one found in 80% of stones is calcium oxalate. They also contain three major types of non-crystalline organic biomolecules such as proteins‚ lipids and carbohydrates. Usually the stones pass painfully through urination‚ unfortunately
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(aq) + 10CO2 (g) + 8H2O (l) Volume of potassium manganate (KMnO4) = 32.5 mL Mass of Sodium Oxalate (NaC2O4): 0.104 [KMnO4] Calculation: = (0.104g of NaC2O4)(1 mol NaC2O4 /134.0g)(2 mol KMnO4 / 5 mol NaC2O4)(1/32.5 mL)(1000 mL /1L) = 0.00955 M KMnO4 2. Using the standardized concentration of KMnO4 calculated above to find the mass percentage of the oxalate ion Equation: Volume of KMnO4 reacted with Oxalate ion = (Vol of KMnO4 used in titration - Vol of KMnO4 used in blank titration) Titration
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substance precipitates or crystallizes Filtrate- liquid that passes through the filter Slurry- suspension of solid in liquid Calcium ion can be analyzed by precipitation with oxalate in basic solution to form CaC2O4.H2O The precipitate is soluble in acidic solution because the oxalate anion is a weak base CaC2O4.H2O (calcium oxalate monohydrate ; MW = 146 g/mol) Equation: Ca2+(aq) + C2O42-(aq) CaC2O4.H2O Large‚ easily filtered‚ relatively pure crystals of product will be obtained
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GRADE 11 CHEMISTRY (30S) Final Practice Examination Answer Key GRADE 11 CHEMISTRY (30S) Final Practice Examination Answer Key IInstructions The final examination will be weighted as follows Modules 1–3 Modules 4–6 The format of the examination will be as follows: Part A: Fill-in-the-Blanks Part B: Multiple Choice Part C: Short Answer Total Marks Include units with all answers as required. Useful Information You will need the following in order to complete this examination: n n n n 15–20% 80–85%
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389.92‚ Eq. 73.07g/l 250ml 0.1M = 9.75g = 0.1N | Sodium carbonate Na2CO3‚ FW = 106‚ Eq. =53g/l 250ml 0.05M = 1.325g = 0.1N | Sodium hydroxide NaOH‚ FW = 40‚ Eq. = 40g/l 250ml 0.1M = 1.0g = 0.1N 1 liter 0.1M soln = 4g = 0.1N | Sodium oxalate Na2C2O4‚ FW = 134.00‚ Eq. =134g/l 250 0.1M = 3.35g = 0.1N | Sodium tetraborate NaB4O7.10H2O‚ FW = 381.37‚ Eq. =190g/l 250ml 0.05M = 4.762g =0.1N | Succinic acid HO2CCH2CH2CO2H‚ FW = 118.09‚ Eq. = 59.045g/l 250ml 0.05M = 1.475g = 0.1N |
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also a fluorescent dye to accept this energy and convert it into light. Although there is more than one recipe for a lightstick‚ a common commercial lightstick uses a solution of hydrogen peroxide that is kept separate from a solution of a phenyl oxalate ester together with a fluorescent dye. The color of the fluorescent dye is what determines the resulting color of the lightstick when the chemical solutions are mixed. The basic premise of the reaction is that the reaction between the two chemicals
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anticoagulants and their mode of action. EDTA‚ sodium citrate and potassium oxalate bind calcium. heparin inhibits conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. SPS (sodium polyethanol sulfonate) inhibits phagocytosis 3. Describe how gauge relates to the lumen of the needle. The gauge indicates the diameter or lumen of the needle 4. Identify the lab departments that would require a heparin sample‚ EDTA sample‚ potassium oxalate sample‚ sodium polyethanol sulfate sample‚ sodium citrate‚ and acid citrate
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Why We Should Not Underestimate the Power of Chocolate Do you like chocolate? How many times do you eat chocolates in a day? Some people like to eat chocolates‚ some are even obsessed with them. Some people don’t like chocolates because those people think that they will make them fat. Some people just don’t like chocolates‚ without any clear reason. I believe that chocolate has many benefits which we can’t underestimate. Chocolate is a raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical
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dehydration. He will need to drink plenty of water‚ avoid excess caffeine‚ black tea‚ grapefruit and apple juices. He should also avoid foods high in oxalates‚ limit his sodium Intake‚ limit his animal protein and avoid mega-doses of vitamin C. By following this dietary and water intake method it should help analyze if the calculi composition is Calcium oxalate‚ Calcium phosphate‚ Cystine‚ Magnesium ammonium phosphate‚ or Uric acid. •What would be the test results of his white blood cells‚ blood calcium
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compounds that react chemically in a light stick. In a typical commercial light stick there is a mixture of hydrogen peroxide solution and a solution containing a phenyl oxalate ester and a fluorescent dye. Here’s the sequence of events when the two solutions are combined: 1. The hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the phenyl oxalate ester‚ resulting in a chemical called phenol and an unstable peroxyacid ester. 2. The unstable peroxyacid ester decomposes‚ resulting in additional phenol and a cyclic
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