Presence of nitrogen fixing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the gut of the Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus) (p3297) A Review by: Mark Edge (Faith & Jaelen Love You) Because the Formosan termite is an economically important pest. Researchers are concentrating efforts on understanding the details of their physiology. Before the late 80’s early 90’s not much physiological research was concentrated toward any one species of termite outside of general physical characteristic‚ anatomy
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polysaccharide in nature‚ being only second after cellulose. It can be found in animals (exoskeletons of crustacean and insects) as well as in fungi‚ mushrooms and yeasts. Chitin can be described as a biopolymer composed of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine; a chemical structure very close to cellulose except that the hydroxyl group in C of cellulose is replaced by an acetamido group in chitin. One can associate this chemical similarity between cellulose and chitin as serving similar structural and defensive
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cells between the cells of fruit and some root vegetables. Cellulose: (DIETRY FIBRE) - it is the indigestible part of plant foods like starch‚ cellulose is a polysaccharide of glucose‚ but it is structurally and nutritionally different from starch because the glucose molecules are joined together in a different way. The human body is incapable of digesting cellulose because it lacks the necessary enzymes. The only possible breakdown of cellulose occurs through the mechanical action of chewing. DIETRY
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Chapter 5 An Introduction to Carbohydrates Carbohydrate – sugars‚ encompasses the monomers‚ called monosaccharides‚ small polymers called oligosaccharides‚ and large polymers called polysaccharides 5.1 Sugars as Monomers 1. How Monomers Differ a. Monosaccharide – simple sugar‚ monomer i. Carbonyl group serves as a distinguishing feature 1. At end of molecule‚ forms an aldehyde sugar (aldose) 2. In middle of molecule‚ forms a ketone sugar (ketose)
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showed that starch or cellulose was present? a. 4‚ 5 and 6 Which tubes tested positive for the presence of reducing sugars? a. 1‚ 2‚3 and 7 What was the affect of freezing tube 1? a. Freezing had no affect How does the effect of freezing differ from the affect of boiling? a. Freezing does not restrict enzyme activity Does amylase use cellulose as a substrate? Hint: Look at the results for tube 4. a. Amylase had no affect on the cellulose in tube #4 What
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• We can observe this by considering starch and cellulose‚ which are both composed of the same repeating unit. Stereochemistry of Starch and Cellulose Figure 5.2 • In cellulose‚ the O atom joins two rings using equatorial bonds. • In starch‚ the O atom joins two rings using one equatorial and one axial bond. • Due to these differences in stereochemistry‚ humans can metabolize starch for energy but we cannot digest cellulose. Constitutional Isomers • Isomers are different
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the bonds between monomers. Animals‚ in turn‚ have enzymes that can hydrolyze plant starch‚ making glucose available as a nutrient for cells. Cellulose‚ on the other hand‚ is used in plant cells for structural support. For example‚ wood is a strong building material that is rich in cellulose. Like starch‚ cellulose is a polymer of glucose‚ but cellulose is composed of beta glucose (as opposed to alpha glucose in starch). Beta glucose forms chains with extra hydrogen bonds on top of each other
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------------------------------------------------- Paper Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibers‚ typically cellulose pulp derived from wood‚ rags or grasses‚ and drying them into flexible sheets. Paper is a versatile material with many uses. Whilst the most common is for writing and printing upon‚ it is also widely used as a packaging material‚ in many cleaning products‚ in a number of industrial and construction processes‚ and even as a food ingredient – particularly
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chemical. Although manufactures relied on the mechanical pulping‚ it was discovered that the grinding process broke cellulose into shorter fibers; therefore‚ creating a weaker paper that quickly turned in a different color making paper a less rigid quality product. Chemical processes produced more resistant pulp that was used to produce fine paper and packaging. In this process‚ cellulose is less abused. Two chemical processes were identified. The soda process used caustic soda to add to the wood
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Treating Starch How are starch and cellulose treated to allow them to be used in yeast? Starches: · All potable alcohol and most fermentation industrial alcohol is currently made principally from grains. · Fermentation of starch from grain is somewhat more complex than fermentation of sugars because starch must first be converted to sugar and then to ethanol. · Starch is converted enzymatically to glucose either by diastase presents in sprouting grain or by fungal amylase. · The resulting
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