JUSTUS-LIEBIGUNIVERSITÄT GIESSEN Andreas Bausch / Barbara E. Weißenberger / Marcus Blome Is market value-based residual income a superior performance measure compared to book value-based residual income? Working Paper 1 / 2003 – Arbeitspapiere Industrielles Management und Controlling – Herausgeber: Professur für Betriebswirtschaftslehre mit dem Schwerpunkt Industrielles Management und Controlling (Prof. Dr. Barbara E. Weißenberger) Justus-Liebig-Universität‚ Gießen http://wiwi
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NATIONAL INCOME Definition: According to Alfred Marshall‚ National Income is the labour and Capital of a country‚ acting on its natural resources‚ produced annually a certain net aggregate of commodities and in materials including services of all kinds. This is the net annual income or revenue of the country or the true national dividend. According to A.C.Pigou “ The national income dividend is that part of the objective income of the community‚ including‚ the income derived from aboard which
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Definition of Tax “Taxes are compulsory payment to government without expectation of direct return in benefit to the tax payer” According to section 2 (62) of the ITO (Income Tax Ordinance) 1984: “Tax means the income tax payable under ordinance and includes any additional tax‚ excess profit tax‚ penalty‚ interest‚ fees or other charges leviable or payable under this ordinance.” Characteristics of Tax i. Tax is a payment to the government by the people. ii. Payment of taxes is non-penal and
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COURSE CODE: ACC325 (ASSIGNMENT) MATRIC NO: 09AA08569 TOPIC: ‘Income tax is one of the major sources of revenue for all government in Nigeria and it is a factor to be recon with in both the state and the Federal Government body….It is an enforced contribution of money enacted pursuant to legislative authority….Analyze the importance and the problems of TAXATION and the way forward in Nigeria………….’ INTRODUCTION Income taxes provide the largest single source of government revenues in most
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Distribution of Income • The fifth macroeconomical goals to ensure that income distribution is equitable. Equitable means fair‚ but fairness is an elusive concept and it means different things to different people. • A more equitable distribution may help to accelerate growth and promote human and economic development in many ways: • The propensity to consume of the poor is higher than that of the rich so redistribution will increase aggregate demand especially for basic goods and services.
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INCOME TAX NOTES Residential Status and Incidence of Tax According to Section 5 of the Income Tax Act the scope of total Income of an assessee depends on his residential status.On the basis of residential status assessee are classified under the following two categories: 1. Resident 2. Non-resident. As per as resident individuals and Hindu Undivided Families are concerned‚ they can be further divided into two categories: 1. Ordinarily Resident 2. Not ordinarily Resident. Residential
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Taxes in India are levied in India by the central government‚ state government and the local governing bodies like the Municipality and the Local Council. In a developing country like India‚ the government has to make fiscal policies to promote the economic growth and development of the country. In order to materialize these policies the government needs capital and for this taxes are levied from individuals and businesses. So it is very important that every citizen should pay tax to the government
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healthcare‚ income inequality and poverty. Time to time changes in policies have been made‚ perhaps to improve these issues‚ however‚ the gap between rich and poor keeps increasing and there is very little improvement in healthcare and the economy. In fact‚ healthcare keeps on becoming costly. Major issues like income inequality and poverty are not being taken care of by the government. According to Dr. Raphael (2002) poverty is caused by several reasons such as inequality in people’s income‚ weak social
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dividends account is closed to the Income Summary account in order to properly determine net income (or loss) for the period. 10. After closing entries have been journalized and posted‚ all temporary accounts in the ledger should have zero balances. 11. Closing revenue and expense accounts to the Income Summary account is an optional bookkeeping procedure. 12. Closing the dividends account to Retained Earnings is not necessary if net income is greater than dividends during
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Chapter 1 Prices‚ Discount Factors‚ and Arbitrage STARTING WITH COUPON BONDS • Three aspects: In May 2010 the U.S. Treasury sold a bond with – a coupon rate of 2 % and – a maturity date of May 31‚ 2015 – a payment frequency of two a year‚ six months apart s of May 31‚ 2015” • This bond is called “ Coupon rate 9/5/2013 Coupon frequency‚ “s” is for “semi‐annual” L. Wu maturity 2 Cash Flow of the Bond • The unit for bond purchasing is $1‚000. • Suppose that an investor purchases $1m face
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