color and a solid precipitate. 3. Na2CO3(aq)+ HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + HCO3(aq) Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2(aq) 2Na+ + CO32- + 2H+ + 2Cl- → 2Na+ + 2Cl- + H2O + CO2 CO32- + 2H+ → H2O(l) + CO2(g) With this reaction the carbonate and the diatomic hydrogen combined together to make the bubbling effect that we had noted. This leaves us with the water molecule with the sodium chloride dissolved in it with the carbon dioxide gas bubbles. 4. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Na+ + OH- + H+ + Cl-
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Rate of Decomposition of Calcium Carbonate Theory Calcium carbonate‚ CaCO3‚is one of the most abundant minerals on the Earth. More than 4% of the Earth’s crust is composed of calcium carbonate. It is a major component in limestone‚ marble‚ seashells‚ bedrock‚ etc. Limestone and marble have been among the most widely used building materials for more than 5 000 years‚ from the pyramids in Egypt to the Parthenon in Greece and the Taj Mahal in India. In many places‚ limestone is also the foundation
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the ground water. We measure hardness in water in terms of CaCO3 as the Ca2+ ion is greater than the concentration of any other metal. Hard water does cause soap scum‚ clog pipes and clog boilers. Soap scum is formed when the calcium ion binds with the soap. This causes an insoluble compound that precipitates to form the scum you see. Soap actually softens hard water by removing the Ca2+ ions from the water. When hard water is heated‚ CaCO3 precipitates out and then clogs pipes and industrial boilers
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solution? Give examples. 3. What is a secondary standard solution? Give examples. 4. What is a link solution? 5. Why is KMnO4 not a primary standard solution? 6. Define equivalent weight? 7. Define end point and equivalence point? 8. Why solutions of HCl and NaOH are not primary standard solutions? 9. How many types of titrations are there? Give examples. 10. Define Molarity and write its formula? 11. Define Normality and write its formula? 12. Write any two indicators which are used in Acid-Base titrations
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decrease in the solubility of certain precipitates. When (NH4)2CO3 was added to the solution there was a reaction with the ions present in the unknown solution to form in this particular unknown solution: BaCO3 and SrCO3. If Ca2+ was present then CaCO3 would have formed in the white precipitate as well. (NH4)2CO3(aq) + Ba2+(aq) BaCO3(s) + NH4+(aq) Ksp BaCO3(s) = 2.58 x 10-9 (NH4)2CO3(aq) +
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chemical reactions. Balancing Chemical Equations Balance the equations below: 1) ____ N2 + ____ H2 ____ NH3 2) ____ KClO3 ____ KCl + ____ O2 3) ____ NaCl + ____ F2 ____ NaF + ____ Cl2 4) ____ H2 + ____ O2 ____ H2O 5) ____ Pb(OH)2 + ____ HCl ____ H2O + ____ PbCl2 6) ____ AlBr3 + ____ K2SO4 ____ KBr + ____ Al2(SO4)3 7) ____ CH4 + ____ O2 ____ CO2 + ____ H2O 8) ____ C3H8 + ____ O2 ____ CO2 + ____ H2O 9) ____ C8H18 + ____ O2 ____ CO2 + ____ H2O 10) ____ FeCl3 + ____ NaOH ____
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Thermochemistry Heat of precipitation - precipitate is unsoluble salt - precipitate must be prepared through double bond decomposition or precipitation method Do you still remember what is meant by double bond decomposition? [please refer to salts notes] General equation double bond decomposition/precipitation; Ionic equation for precipitation reaction. Salt Solubility in water Li+‚ Na+‚ K+‚ NH4+ All salt dissolve in water Nitrate‚ NO3- All nitrate salt
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water is of two types: 1. Temporary/Alkaline/Carbonate hardness is due to dissolved bicarbonates of Ca2+ & Mg2+ in water. It is so called since it can be easily removed simply by boiling with bicarbonates readily getting precipitated. Ca(HCO3)2 à CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Mg(HCO3)2 à MgCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 /Mg(HCO3)2 + 2C17H35COONa à (C17H35COO)2 Ca/Mg + 2 NaHCO3 CaCl2/MgCl2 + 2C17H35COONa à (C17H35COO)2Ca/Mg + 2NaCl CaSO4/MgSO4 + 2C17H35COONa à (C17H35COO)2 Ca/Mg + Na2SO4 2. Permanent Hardness/Non-alkaline/Non-carbonate
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Alkalinity Equipment/Glassware: Chemicals: 1 support stand and buret clamp Phenolphthalein indicator 50mL buret 1 50 mL volumetric pipette 0.010 M HCl 1 short stem funnel 10% Thiosulfate indicator Glass stirring rod
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Gerona‚ Evelyn Chemical Reactions Experiment No. 7 Date Performed: Feb. 17‚ 2014 Date Submitted: Feb. 24‚ 2014 Mrs. Vitancol I. Theoretical Framework A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically‚ chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms‚ with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present)‚ and can often
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