HISTORY OF TAXATION IN GHANA Introduction & Definition of taxation: To tax (from the Latin taxo; "I estimate") is to impose a financial charge or other levy upon a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law. A tax may be defined as a "pecuniary burden laid upon individuals or property owners to support the government [...] a payment exacted by legislative authority." A tax "is not a voluntary payment
Free Tax
different rates under various circumstances. This is where revenue management plays an important role; to fill at least a minimum number of rooms without selling every room at discount prices; the idea is to sell enough rooms to cover fixed operating expenses. Once fixed expenses are covered‚ and there are now only fewer remaining rooms to sell‚ they could then sell the remaining rooms at higher rates to maximize revenue and profits. The term revenue management was shortly introduced after the airline
Premium Airline
Absorption and marginal costing (Relevant to AAT Examination Paper 3: Management Accounting) Li Tak Ming‚ Andy Deputy Head‚ Department of Business Administration‚ Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Kwai Chung) Introduction Absorption costing and marginal costing are alternative cost accumulation systems used to ascertain product or job costs for inventory valuation and cost of sales. Absorption costing Absorption costing includes both variable and fixed production costs in the
Premium Costs Cost Variable cost
Republic of Vardar Revenue forecasts: Expected Tax Collections PAD 505 June 8‚ 2012 Abstract At independence in November 1991‚ the Republic of Vardar (named after the Vardar River Valley) was the least developed of the Yugoslav republics. Although the poorest of the six former Yugoslav republics‚ the country nevertheless can sustain itself in food and energy needs using its own agricultural and coal resources. From 1998 to 2000 real GDP growth averaged a little
Premium Inflation Unemployment Taxation
Statement Four Revenue recognition issues top the list of reasons for financial reporting restatements and one of the methods for creative accounting practices. Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Introduction 3 Literature Review 4 Revenue recognition 4 Sale of goods 4 Rendering of services 5 Interest‚ royalties‚ and dividends 5 Creative Accounting 5 To meet internal targets 6 Meet external expectations. 6 Provide income smoothing. 6 Taxation 6 Change in management
Premium Revenue International Financial Reporting Standards Financial statements
Chapter 4 The Revenue Cycle Objectives for Chapter 4 • Tasks performed in the revenue cycle‚ regardless of the technology used • The functional departments involved in revenue cycle activities and the flow of revenue transactions through the organization • The documents‚ journals‚ and accounts that provide audit trails‚ promote the maintenance of records‚ support decision making‚ and sustain financial reporting • Risks associated with the revenue cycle and the controls that reduce these risks
Premium Invoice Accounts receivable Inventory
PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND (PED) & REVENUE Price elasticity of demand (PED) is particularly important to businesses‚ because of its effect on their revenue (income). Consider the following examples: 1) Mrs Robinson wants to increase her business’s revenue‚ but can’t decide whether she should increase or lower her prices. She currently charges £1 per unit and sells 1‚000 units. She knows that the PED for her product is (-) 0.4. What will happen to sales‚ sales revenue and profit if she: a) raises the
Premium Supply and demand Revenue Marketing
TEST OF CONTROLS – REVENUE TRANSACTIONS |Audit Objective |Audit procedure |Findings | |General | | | |Validity |Observe
Premium Invoice Accounts receivable General ledger
* Select the alternative based on the present worth of net income. From the estimated installed base of 7500 OmniVue instruments at the end of year 2010‚ the demand for the OmniVue instruments and cartridges are forecasted. There is a new product OmniVue mobile‚ ready to be launched in year 2013. It is assumed that the OmniVue mobile can be accounted for 30% of the demand for Instruments in year 2013‚ 50% in year 2014 and 60% in year 2015. The growth in demand for the OmniVue instrument is
Premium Revenue Income statement Cash flow
data) | February 1‚ 2008 | February 2‚ 2007 | February 3‚ 2006 | January 28‚ 2005 | January 30‚ 2004 | February 1‚ 2002 | January 28‚ 2000 | Results of Operations | | | | | | | | Net Revenue | 61‚133 | 57‚420 | 55‚788 | 49‚121 | 41‚327 | 31‚168 | 25‚265 | Cost of Revenue | 49‚462 | 47‚904 | 45‚897 | 40‚103 | 33‚764 | 25‚661 | 20‚047 | Gross Margin | 11‚671 | 9‚516 | 9‚891 | 9‚018 | 7‚563 | 5‚507 | 5‚218 | Gross Profit Margin | 19.1% | 16.6% | 17.7% | 18.4% | 18.3% | 17
Premium Revenue Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Earnings before interest and taxes