Muscle Study Guide Microscopic Anatomy Of A Muscle: [pic] Big(-); Muscle‚ fascicle‚ muscle fiber‚ myofibril‚ myofilaments; Small(+) Endomysium: Thin connective tissue investing each muscle cell. Epimysium: Connective tissue ensheathing the entire muscle. Fascicle: A discrete bundle of muscle cells. Fiber: A muscle cell. Myofilament: Actin- or myosin- containing structure. Perimysium: Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle. Sarcolemma: Plasma membrane of the muscle cell. Sarcomere:
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Anatomy of Muscle Cells There are three types of muscle tissue in the human body. These muscle tissues are skeletal muscles‚ smooth muscles and cardiac muscles. Each of these muscle tissues has it very own anatomical makeup‚ which vary from muscle to muscle. The muscle cells in a muscle are referred to as muscle fibers‚ these fibers are skeletal muscle fibers‚ smooth muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers. The anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber is formed during embryonic development
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are: a. neurolemmacytes b. astrocytes c. oligodendrocytes d. neurons 2. The portion of the nervous system concerned with afferent input from skeletal muscle is: a. visceral sensory b. somatic motor c. somatosensory d. propriosensory 3 Light adaptation of the eye occurs due to: a .a decrease in the active photo pigment b. an increase in active photopigment c. a shift to using rod cells d. a shift to using cone cells. e both b and c 4. A Na+/ K+ ATPase on a neuron membrane acts to:
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Compare and contrast cardiac and smooth muscle. In cardiac muscle‚ each heartbeat is triggered by the hearts own pacemaker cells‚ which initiate electrical discharge and when this reaches the contractile muscle cells (the cardiomyocytes)‚ they create an action potential which increases the concentration of calcium ions into the cell. Calcium ions play a key role in activating what is known as the contractile machinery – the actin and myosin filaments. The cardiac action potential‚ unlike other forms
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MUSCLE FATIGUE HOW DO MUSCLES GET THE ENERGY TO WORK? In muscles‚ it is essential that Calcium is present‚ as this gives the muscles the ability to contract and relax. For muscles to contract energy is needed: the energy can only be provided by the breakdown of a chemical called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As ATP is broken down‚ a phosphate molecule is broken off‚ reducing the phosphate molecules‚ from 3 to 2. This produces adenosine triphosphate. However for the muscles contraction to continue
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the breakdown of damaged muscle tissues resulting in the release of muscle fiber contents into the bloodstream (Patel M.D.). This disease occurs when there is damage to the skeletal muscle. The breakdown products of damaged muscle cells‚ such as myoglobin‚ are harmful to the kidneys and frequently result in kidney damage or even kidney failure. The severity of the symptoms depends on the degree of muscle damage and the degree of the kidney damage‚ if any. The primary muscle damage can be caused by
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INTRODUCTION I am going to explain the voluntary muscle the different types of muscle fibre including slow twitch fast twitch‚including how their properties are influenced by their reliance on aerobic and anaerobic energy sources. Skeletal muscle is made up of bundles of individual muscle fibres called myocytes. Each myocyte contains many myofibrils‚ which are strands of proteins (actin and myosin) that can grab on to each other and pull. This shortens the muscle and causes muscle contraction. It is
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1.1 Glutamine: muscle metabolism Skeletal muscle is the major tissue responsible for glutamine synthesis in the body [9‚10]. In this context‚ glutamine anabolic effects in the skeletal muscle not only preserve lean mass‚ but also maintain plasma glutamine concentration in the body. Glutamine provides energy substrate to cells with a high turnover‚ nucleic acid precursors to cells of the immune system and is involved in the maintenance of acid-base balance [9‚ 11‚ 12]. The key enzymes in the metabolism
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measure the effects of changes in temperatures and pH on enzyme activity in skeletal muscle‚ particularly the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). LDH is a glycolytic enzyme which converts pyruvate to lactate in the following equation: LDH Pyruvate+ NADH ------------ Lactate + NAD The reaction above can move in both directions‚ forward (favored by Type II skeletal muscle) and reverse (favored
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unit is a motor neuron and the muscle fiber it controls. A whole muscle is made up of hundreds of motor units that are handled by different motor neurons that react at different levels of stimulation. The electric shock acts as an action potential by changing the membrane permeability allowing the sodium and potassium ions to pass through. At different levels of stimulation the motor neurons stimulate a motor unit and the more stimulation the more motor units become active. When the voltage was set at
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