of precedence and has two aspects: 1) definitional or substantial – the principle of law is found in the precedence called the ratio decidendi: the narrowest and necessary legal principle upon which a legal decision was based. This is the aspect of the case that binds future courts and must be followed. 2) Structural: what precedent cases must be followed. Rupert Cross wrote a book called “precedence in legal law” and described the structural component of the stare decisis as “every court is bound
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promoter is one who undertakes to form a company with reference to a given project and to set it going and who takes the necessary step to accomplish that purpose - A promoter is not an agent of the company he promotes‚ as it does not exist yet. At common law‚ he cannot be an agent of a non-existent principle. - A promoter is not a trustee of the company in formation as it does not exist yet. - The English courts have held that he stands in a fiduciary relationship to the company he promotes. Erlanger v
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4 PRINCIPLES OF TAX INTRODUCTION TO TAX LAW A. Origins of Taxation - Taxation is not a modern concept‚ and dates back to the Roman Empire: ▪ Emperor Caligula set a disturbing trend as a tax collector by imposing taxes on food‚ court proceedings‚ wages of porters‚ prostitutes and even marriage. - 1770’s ( Pitt and Lord North believed that newspapers were luxury items and constituted appropriate fiscal targets. A stamp duty was placed on newspapers‚ which was later increased to
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Journal of Money‚ Investment and Banking ISSN 1450-288X Issue 22 (2011) © EuroJournals Publishing‚ Inc. 2011 http://www.eurojournals.com/JMIB.htm The Performance Analysis of Islamic and Conventional Banks: The Pakistan’s Perspective Mian Muhammad Ashraf M. Phil Scholar‚ Superior University of Lahore E-mail: Ashraf.iub@gmail.com Tel: 0092-300-7808066 Zia-ur-Rehman Lecturer‚ Hailey College of Commerce University of the Punjab‚ Lahore E-mail: Ziaurrehman_hailey@hotmail.com Abstract The intent of
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content 1.0 Banking risk 2 1.1 Credit Risk 2 1.2 Illegal lending risk 3 1.3 Illegal fund-raising risk 3 1.4 Financial swindling risk 3 2.0 Bank Risk Classification 4 2.1 Credit Risk 4 This is the main risk of commercial banks. Means of access to bank credit to support the possibility of a debtor can not repay on time and in accordance with the contractual principal and interest. In today’s commercial banking business diversification‚ not only the traditional credit risk remains a major
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Malaysian Islamic banks for the period of 2005-2011. The stepwise multiple regression analysis and the moderated multiple regression (MMR) analysis will be used to analyze the data. Keywords: Islamic banking‚ internal banking ratios‚ external ratios‚ economic recession‚ conventional banking. Contents Abstract 2 1.0. Introduction 4 1.1. Background and Motivation 4 1.2. Objectives and Implications 5 1.3. Structure 8 2.0. Literature Review 9 2.1. Studies Conducted on Conventional
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Constitutional Law Exam (Practice) N.B. The questions in this exam are taken‚ in part‚ from the tutorial questions – but expanded. Question One: The Commonwealth government passes a tax act on coal which is 10% tax on the sale of coal. The act also deals with regulations on the way coal is mined in states. If a coal company heeds all the regulations the government will increase the amount of funding given to the States for all its projects. The tax will increase the price of coal sold interstate
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Case Notes Question 1 Taylor v Provan (1864) 2 M 1226 Provan went to Taylor’s farm and offered to buy 31 cattle at £14 per head‚ but Taylor refused to accept less than £15. After trying unsuccessfully to purchase cattle elsewhere‚ Provan returned to Taylor’s farm the worse for drink and offered £15 per head‚ which was accepted by Taylor. Taylor later brought an action against Provan for the price of the cattle‚ and Provan claimed that he had been incapable‚ through intoxication‚ of entering
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BANKING Definition of Banking: According to Crowther‚ a bank "Collects money from those who have it to spare or who are saving it out of their incomes‚ and it lends this money to those who require it." In the words of Kinley‚ "A bank is an establishment which makes to individuals such advances of money as may be required and safely made‚ and to which individuals entrust money when not required by them for use." According to John Paget‚ "Nobody can be a banker who does not (i) take deposit
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2231-4288 JOURNAL ON BANKING FINANCIAL SERVICES & INSURANCE RESEARCH Internationally Indexed & Listed Referred e-Journal A CAMEL MODEL ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC & PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS IN INDIA K. V. N. PRASAD*; G. RAVINDER**; DR. D. MAHESHWARA REDDY** *Assistant Professor‚ ITM Business School‚ Warangal‚ Andhra Pradesh‚ India. **Lecturer‚ ITM Business School‚ Warangal‚ Andhra Pradesh‚ India. ***Assistant Professor‚ ITM Business School‚ Warangal‚ Andhra Pradesh‚ India. ABSTRACT Banking sector is one of the
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