A. Why was there evolutionary pressure for shell to evolve to a pen? There was evolutionary pressure for the shell to evolve into a pen for locomotion‚ propulsion‚ movement‚ and protective reasons. The pen can be seen in modern cuttlefish‚ squid and octopods. The pen was more beneficial than the shell because it is now internalized and doesn’t weigh down the organism‚ the organism is now able to float horizontally in water and allowed the organism to develop fins for better locomotion. The loss of
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Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis is considered to be a leading cause of death attributed to foodborne illness in the United States. Toxoplasmosis is causes by a eukaryotic protozoan named Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasma gondii has two types of hosts‚ a definite host and intermediate host. The main carrier is cats and they are accepted as the main host. Intermediate hosts include humans‚ birds‚ rodents and other warm blooded animals. The only difference between the two hosts is that in the definite hosts
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Choose the one best response to questions as follow: • The miracidial hatching test helps to demonstrate the viability of: B • eggs of Taenia species. • eggs of Schistosoma species. • eggs of hookworm species. • eggs of Opisthorchis. • After India ink injection‚ the gravid proglottids of which cestode contain seven to thirteen branches on each side? B • Taenia saginata • Taenia solium • Diphyllobothrium latum • Dipylidium caninum • A parasitic infection that may be diagnosed by the examination
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Wuchereria bancrofti is a human parasitic roundworm that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. Wuchereria bancrofti‚ Brugia malayi and B. timori are the three filarial species cause lymphatic filariasis. They are spread by a mosquito vector and human is the definitive host. In lymphatic filariasis‚ repeated episodes of inflammation and lymphedema lead to lymphatic damage‚ chronic swelling‚ and elephantiasis of the legs‚ arms‚ scrotum‚ vulva‚ and breasts . Epidemiology W. bancrofti occurs in
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6PROTOZOA INTRODUCTION Parasitism A specific type of interaction between two organisms Host-parasite interactions often operate over a longer timescale than those seen with other pathogens Results in significant host-parasite interaction at the cellular and organismal level E.g. Parasites that alter the behavior of the host Giardia lamblia – induce biochemical change in the host cells at the site of infection (duodenal epithelium) Parasites – have life cycles that often involve several hosts (survival
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Cyclospora cayetanensis Synonym: Cryptosporidium cayetanensis Tauxe‚ 1997 lapsus Synonym: Cyclospora cayetenensis Duluol‚ Teilhac‚ Poirot‚ Heyer‚ Beaugerie‚ & Chatelet‚ 1996 lapsus Updated: 31 October 2001 E-mail: Steve J. Upton Division of Biology‚ Kansas State University‚ Manhattan‚ KS 66506 Main menu: Cryptosporidium homepage History: The first published report of Cyclospora cayetanensis in humans appears to be by Ashford (1979)‚ who found unidentified Isospora-like coccidia in the feces
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| Excluded groups * Fungi * Plantae * Animalia Many others; classification varies | * Chromalveolata * Heterokontophyta * Haptophyta * Cryptophyta (cryptomonads) * Alveolata * Dinoflagellata * Apicomplexa * Ciliophora (ciliates) * Excavata * Euglenozoa * Percolozoa * Metamonada * Rhizaria * Radiolaria * Foraminifera * Cercozoa * Archaeplastida (in part) * Rhodophyta (red algae) * Glaucophyta (basal
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= genetic reserves Examples: paramecium‚ stentor Link. link2 Campbell‚ 9th edition Flagella‚ thus‚ zooflagellates Example: Trypanosoma spp. (sleeping sickness) Example: Trichonympha campanulata (Termite symbionts) Apicomplexa Sporozoans “spores” for reproduction Apical complexes for attaching to hosts Example: Plasmodium spp. (Malaria) Campbell‚ 9th edition Subkingdom Phycobionta Photosynthetic 70% of total food production (world) Unicellular:
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Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). It is an intracellular parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa‚ and its life cycle completed only in cats and other felids (the definitive host). However‚ T. gondii also infects a wide variety of intermediate hosts‚ including humans (Wastling et al.‚ 2000). Humans get infection either by the ingestion of tissue cysts in infected meat or by the ingestion of water or food contaminated with sporulated oocysts derived from
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species is a living organism which follows the biological species concept of parasitism‚ commensalism‚ and mutualism. The biological species concept: Parasitism: one benefits from the other; taking over a host‚ (+/- reaction) (Ex: plasmodium apicomplexa taking over a human host causing malaria‚ tapeworm) Commensalism: one benefits and one doesn’t care‚ (+/0 reaction) (Ex: barnacles and whale the barnacles stuck themselves on the whales front side to feed off small crustaceans that falls off
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