a given temperature to give a saturated solution. Neutralisation When an alkali is added to an acid‚ the pH of the mixture rises as the alkali reacts with it forming neutral products. An acid added to an alkali causes the pH to fall because the alkali is removed by reaction with the acid. A reaction in which acidity or alkalinity is removed is called neutralisation. A neutralisation involving an acid and a base (or alkali) always produces salt and water (and nothing else). Acid + base salt +
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on their relative atomic mass. Alkali metals are very reactive when mixed with other elements and are placed in Group 1A of the periodic table. There are also extremely reactive nonmetal elements called halogens and are known to be in group 7A in the periodic table. Both the alkali metals and the halogens (nonmetals) on considered to be main group elements. When the number of outer shell electrons is closer to one or seven the higher the elements reactivity. Alkali metals contain a single electron
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can be controlled by keeping the bed alkali contents low enough by regularly discharging the bed ash and feeding fresh sand into the bed. The chemistry of fuel ash - bed sand interactions is however complicated. It is usually useful to minimize the quartz contents in the make-up sand. The ash melting point temperatures of woody fuel ashes vary in a wide range. The wide range correlates with variations in ash composition. In general‚ the higher the fuel alkali and chlorine contents‚ the lower are
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The Periodic Table is a chart which arranges the chemical elements in a useful‚ logical manner. Elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number‚ lined up so that elements which exhibit similar properties are arranged in the same row or column as each other. Elements are also arranged in different families and periods based on similar characteristics. Also the grouping of elements into into subcategories Metals‚ Nonmetals‚ and Metalloids. The Periodic Table is one of the most useful tools
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state atom Ionization Energy of Noble Gases • Noble gases have full orbitals‚ so it is difficult to remove an electron from them. But‚ it does become easier the further away the electrons get from the nucleus. Ionization Energy of Alkali Metals • Alkali Metals only have one valence electron‚ so it does not take much effort to remove that one electron. • When it is removed‚ they achieve Noble Gas Configuration. Dips in Ionization Energy • There are dips at Group 2 and Group 15. • Group
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derived from the Latin word ‘acer’ which means sour. BASES A base is a proton acceptor. Many‚ but not all‚ are oxides and hydroxides of metals. They react with acids to form salts and water only and some are soluble in water‚ these are called alkalis. Alkalis are classified by their strength. PROPERTIES * Neutralizes acids to form salts and water * Corrosive * Have high pH * Conduct
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BUFFER SOLUTIONS CONTENTS 1. Introductions. 2. Principles of buffering. 3. Applications a. Simple buffering agents. b. "Universal" buffer mixtures. c. Common buffer compounds used in biology. 4. Buffer capacity. 5. Calculating buffer pH a. Monoprotic acids. b. Polyprotic acids. 6. Biblography. INTRODUCTION A buffer is an aqueous
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ketones under catalytic of alkalis. These kinds of reactions are called Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction. It is an important approach to grow the carbon chain and can be used to synthesize aromatic compounds which have two different function groups on their side chains‚ or the aliphatic system intermediates which have several benzenes. This experiment will synthesize dibenzylidene acetone by the reaction of benzaldehyde and acetone under the catalytic of alkalis. Dibenzylidene acetone is
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CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS OF SOLUBLE GLASS Soluble glass‚ also called foam alkali‚ is an alkali metal air hardening material. In construction‚ it is usually used to prepare sodium silicate cement‚ soluble glass mortar‚ and soluble glass concrete. Soluble glass is widely used in the anti-acid and heat-resistant engineering. The main method to produce soluble glass is to grind and stir calcined soda and quartz sand which are the major raw materials‚ then fuse them in the melting pot of 130O-140OnC
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negatively charged ions. Ions have the electronic structure of a noble gas (Group 0). d) The elements in Group 1 of the periodic table‚ the alkali metals‚ all react with non-metal elements to form ionic compounds in which the metal ion has a single positive charge. e) The elements in Group 7 of the periodic table‚ the halogens‚ all react with the alkali metals to form ionic compounds in which the halide ions have a single negative charge. f) An ionic compound is a giant structure of ions.
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