William son Eth er Synth esis Introduction In this reaction‚ an alcohol is deprotonated to form a good nucleophile‚ which then attacks the electrophile methyl iodide to form an ether. Tetrabutylammonium bromide‚ a phase transfer catalyst‚ is used to carry ions back and forth between the organic phase and the aqueous phase. OH O NaOH + NaI + H2O CH3I Before coming to lab‚ please review the following techniques: "Reluxing a reaction‚" "Extraction and washing‚" "Drying an Organic Solvent‚" "Evaporating
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On December 21st‚ 1968 Apollo 8 launched off of the surface of the Earth. It was the second mission in the United States Apollo space program involving human spaceflight. Three brave men departed the planet on the spacecraft‚ Lunar Module Pilot William Anders‚ Command Module Pilot James Lovell‚ and Commander Frank Borman. These brave astronauts made history in several ways; they became the first human beings to be launched out of low Earth orbit‚ they were the first humans too see the entire Earth
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fundamental unit of the nervous system. These neurons work together with other excitable cells to produce action potentials when they receive electrical or chemical stimuli. Action potentials can be thought of as an “all-or-nothing” event and occur as a large-scale depolarization when sodium and other positive ions rapidly enter the neuron through membrane channel proteins. Once initiated‚ action potentials travel down the length of the axon and when it reaches the end a neurotransmitter is released into
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the spinal cord that control the muscles * Vertebrate brain divided into three parts * Hindbrain - most ancient part and regulates motor activity below the level of consciousness * Midbrain - optic lobes are part of the midbrain and was a center for coordinating reflexes involving the eyes and ears * Forebrain - originally dealt mainly with smell. Later‚ the thalamus evolved to receive sensory input from the midbrain and the hindbrain and to pass it on to cerebrum * Cerebrum
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1. a. The action potential changes the membrane potential from -70 mV (resting) to +30 mV and back again to the resting membrane potential. b. This results from a change in membrane permeability first to Na then to K due to the opening of what type of ion channels? Voltage gated channels 2. a. Where is the density of voltage-gated Na+ channels the greatest? Axon hillock b. What areas of the neuron generate signals that open these voltage-gated channels? Dendrites and the cell body c. Opening
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The Ionic mechanism and propagation of action potentials. The action potential is the result of a large‚ sudden increase in sodium permeability of the membrane. The resulting rush of sodium ions into the membrane and accumulation of positive charge on its inner surface drives the potential towards Ena. This is followed by repolarisation‚ whereby there is a large increase in the membranes permeability to potassium ions‚ hence the membrane returns to Ek. Explanation of the (ionic) mechanisms underlying
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Experiment #8 – properties of Alcohols and Phenols Introduction As has been mentioned before‚ over 20 million organic compounds have been identified. If each substance had to be studied as an entity completely separate from all the other substances‚ the study of organic chemistry as a whole would be impossible; that is to say‚ even more impossible than you currently believe it to be. Fortunately‚ the subject can be organized and it is often organized around the concept of the functional group
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receptive and integrative regions of the neuron. Axon hillock‚ action potential The area where the axon emerges from the soma (cell body) is called the ___ ___. This is also where the outgoing signal‚ called a/an ___ ___ is generated. Collaterals‚ terminals An axon can branch‚ forming many axon ___. At the end‚ axons branch to form many axon ___. Schwann cells What support cell forms the myelin sheath? Integral proteins What structures in the cell membrane function as ion channels?
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Effects of the great depression In 1929 on one average tuesday the whole world changed‚ the stock market crashed it symbolized the start of the great depression . Many people blame president Hoover for this disaster . After the crash Hoover said “The worst was behind us and things would soon get better” . So much for that after the crash banks started closing and people became homeless live savings were gone every cent was precious. Bankruptcy Over the course of the crash many banks closed
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Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Activity 2: Receptor Potential Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. Assuming that the resting potential of a sensory neuron is -70 mV‚ which of the following represents a depolarization? You correctly answered: c. a change to -60 mV 2. Which of the following is a sensory modality (type of sense)? You correctly answered: e. all of the above 3. Which of the following is a sensory stimulus
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