Equal Taxation Tax rates in America have been changed and reformed to try and meet the needs of the current economy‚ or to make a politicians look good. Recent questions have been asked about whether we should reform the entire style of tax rates in America. Future generations are going to feel the burden or benefit from tax choices we make now because it takes time for things of this magnitude to take place. Also it is a possibility that the future generation may need new tax style because of
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figure out a distribution involving many beneficiaries‚ the estate plan has the following flaws: 1) There are too many beneficiaries in the estate plan. 2) The estate plan has a complicated distribution formula. In the article The Estate Income Tax Returns: Execute the Plan‚ calculating the distribution written in the will forced me‚ as executor‚ to use an analysis pad‚ then an excel spreadsheet. The distribution formula consisted of twenty beneficiaries receiving different amounts of property calculated
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revenue from the last unit sold exceeds the additional cost of the last unit by the largest amount. B. the additional revenue from the last unit sold equals the additional cost of the last unit. C. total revenue exceeds total cost by the largest amount. D. total revenue equals total cost. E. both b and c 2. The function a decision maker seeks to maximize or minimize is the ________ function. A. optimal B. decision-making C. objective D. marginal E. none of the above 3. Choice variables A. determine
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Accounting rate of return Accounting rate of return (also known as simple rate of return) is the ratio of estimated accounting profit of a project to the average investment made in the project. ARR is used in investment appraisal. Formula Accounting Rate of Return is calculated using the following formula: ARR = Average Accounting Profit Average Investment Average accounting profit is the arithmetic mean of accounting income expected to be earned during each year of the project’s life time
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Methods and Required Rate of Return in Finnish Publicly Listed Companies ABSTRACT Financial literature advocates the use of the Net Present Value method for the evaluation of investments. Its key parameter is the required rate of return on equity‚ which is to be calculated using the Capital Asset Pricing Model or a similar model especially if the company is publicly listed. However‚ there is ample evidence on companies not necessarily utilizing the NPV method or the CAPM in their capital budgeting
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The Cost of Capital LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter‚ students should be able to: • Explain what is meant by a firm’s weighted average cost of capital. • Define and calculate the component costs of debt and preferred stock. • Explain why retained earnings are not free and use three approaches to estimate the component cost of retained earnings. • Briefly explain why the cost of new equity is higher than the cost of retained earnings‚ calculate the cost of new
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Wikipedia‚ the free encyclopedia An oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists). Oligopolies can result from various forms of collusion which reduce competition and lead to higher costs for consumers. [1] With few sellers‚ each oligopolist is likely to be aware of the actions of the others. The decisions of one firm therefore influence and are influenced by the decisions of other firms. Strategic planning by oligopolists needs to
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The Illusion of the Capital Gains Tax Increase Policymakers and researchers have long been interested in how potential changes to the capital gains tax system affects the health of the overall economy. A capital gain is the increase in the value of a capital asset realized over its cost basis (Saxton). The lower tax rate for capital gains is the policy that the United States has followed from the inception of the income tax‚ a policy followed by almost every other advanced economy on earth. As numerous
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written by Onipede Ibidunni Seun on Capital Gains Tax in Nigeria Introduction Discussing capital gain tax without first presenting a general overview of the entire concept of taxation will be tantamount to putting a cart before a horse. It is therefore very important that justice be done by explaining taxation and various types of taxes. Taxation: A General overview Tax and taxation has been variously defined by different authors. Oyegbile (1996) defines tax as a sum of money paid by citizens of
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The Cost of Capital 1 Background As investors desire to obtain the best/highest return on their investments in securities such as shares (Equity) and loans to companies such as debentures (Debt)‚ these returns are costs to the companies paying these Dividends (on equity) and Interest (on Debts)! It all depends on the perspective from which we chose to view the calculation (are we Earning or Paying?) Companies MUST consider the cost of financing they receive in the form of equity or debt if they
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