working memory
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REVISED PAGES
CHAPTER
Working
Memory
6
Le arn i ng O b j ec t i ves
1. Using Working Memory
1.1. A Computer Metaphor
1.2. Implications of the Nature of Working
Memory
2. From Primary Memory to Working Memory:
A Brief History
2.1. William James: Primary Memory,
Secondary Memory, and
Consciousness
2.2. Early Studies: The Characteristics of
Short-Term Memory
2.2.1. Brevity of Duration
2.2.2. Ready Accessibility
2.3. The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: The
Relationship of Short-Term and LongTerm Memory
2.4. The Baddeley-Hitch Model: Working
Memory
3. Understanding the Working Memory Model
3.1. The Phonological Loop: When It Works and When It Doesn’t
3.2. The Visuospatial Scratchpad
3.3. The Central Executive
3.4. Are There Really Two Distinct Storage
Systems?
4. How Working Memory Works
4.1. Mechanisms of Active Maintenance
DEBATE BOX: How Are Working Memory
Functions Organized in the Brain?
4.2. The Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in
Storage and Control
A CLOSE R LOOK: Mechanisms of Working
Memory Storage in the Monkey Brain
5. Current Directions
5.1. The Episodic Buffer
5.2. Person-to-Person Variation
5.3. The Role of Dopamine
Revisit and Reflect
Y
ou’re in the middle of a lively conversation about movies, one in particular. You and your friends have all seen it and have come away with different views. One friend says he felt that one of the leads was not convincing in the role; you disagree—you think the failing was in the screenplay, and want to make your case. But before you have a chance to get going, another friend jumps in and says she doesn’t think this actor was miscast, just that he’s not very good, and is prepared to argue chapter and verse. You think your point is a good one, and you want to make it; but you’ll only offend this friend, who’s now arguing her point with enthusiasm. Moreover, you find yourself agreeing with some of what she’s saying. Your challenge is
239
SMITMC06_0131825089.QXD 3/28/06 6:57
REVISED PAGES
CHAPTER
Working
Memory
6
Le arn i ng O b j ec t i ves
1. Using Working Memory
1.1. A Computer Metaphor
1.2. Implications of the Nature of Working
Memory
2. From Primary Memory to Working Memory:
A Brief History
2.1. William James: Primary Memory,
Secondary Memory, and
Consciousness
2.2. Early Studies: The Characteristics of
Short-Term Memory
2.2.1. Brevity of Duration
2.2.2. Ready Accessibility
2.3. The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: The
Relationship of Short-Term and LongTerm Memory
2.4. The Baddeley-Hitch Model: Working
Memory
3. Understanding the Working Memory Model
3.1. The Phonological Loop: When It Works and When It Doesn’t
3.2. The Visuospatial Scratchpad
3.3. The Central Executive
3.4. Are There Really Two Distinct Storage
Systems?
4. How Working Memory Works
4.1. Mechanisms of Active Maintenance
DEBATE BOX: How Are Working Memory
Functions Organized in the Brain?
4.2. The Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in
Storage and Control
A CLOSE R LOOK: Mechanisms of Working
Memory Storage in the Monkey Brain
5. Current Directions
5.1. The Episodic Buffer
5.2. Person-to-Person Variation
5.3. The Role of Dopamine
Revisit and Reflect
Y
ou’re in the middle of a lively conversation about movies, one in particular. You and your friends have all seen it and have come away with different views. One friend says he felt that one of the leads was not convincing in the role; you disagree—you think the failing was in the screenplay, and want to make your case. But before you have a chance to get going, another friend jumps in and says she doesn’t think this actor was miscast, just that he’s not very good, and is prepared to argue chapter and verse. You think your point is a good one, and you want to make it; but you’ll only offend this friend, who’s now arguing her point with enthusiasm. Moreover, you find yourself agreeing with some of what she’s saying. Your challenge is
239
SMITMC06_0131825089.QXD 3/28/06 6:57