Wgu Est1 Task 4
Task 4
Christopher Mann
Student ID: 000458585
June 5, 2015
Enzymes are special proteins that carry out chemical reactions, also known as catalysts. Two important features that make all enzymes catalysts are their ability to bind to a substrate. A substrate is anything that needs to be changed into something else. The second important feature is that it works to lower the activation energy without being used or changed in the reaction (Hudon-Miller, 2012.
The breakdown of fructose in the liver starts off with two steps unique to fructose itself, prior to entering glycolysis. Fructose, a substrate, is broken down into the product, fructose-1-phophate, by the enzyme, fructokinase. The second step in …show more content…
Fructose-1-phosphate, or F-1-P, is the specific substrate acted on by the enzyme, aldolase B. Aldolase B takes F-1-P and makes the products, DHAP and Glyceraldehyde. These products are immediates in glycolysis to make fatty acids or ATP or it can go through gluconeogenesis to make glycogen (Sanders, …show more content…
Aldolase B, can no longer take its substrate, F-1-P, and turn it into the products, DHAP and Glyceraldehyde. During HFI, fructose is still being phosphorylated by fructokinase, leading to a build up of F-1-P, and will no longer being used for glycolysis or gluconeogenesis. The continued use of phosphorous leads to the depletion of the free phosphate pool in the cells. The electron transport chain requires phosphate to make ATP. With the low amounts of free phosphate available, ATP production slows. Essentially, fructose is no longer being used as energy by the liver cells. Liver cells are now low on energy leading to liver damage and eventually liver failure. Fructose-1-phosphate produces the symptoms of HFI. It normally acts a signal in high blood sugar instructing the glucokinase to stay in the cytoplasm, so it does not go into the nucleus. When blood sugar is low, and F-1-P builds up, it signals the glucokinse to stay in the cytoplasm leading to a glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis slowing down. When low blood sugar occurs, the liver cannot release glucose into the blood to help stabilize it, this is known as hypoglycemia. Many symptoms that are involved with hereditary fructose intolerance have to do with hypoglycemia, such as shakiness, headaches, and irritability, in addition to phosphate related liver issues (Sanders,
Christopher Mann
Student ID: 000458585
June 5, 2015
Enzymes are special proteins that carry out chemical reactions, also known as catalysts. Two important features that make all enzymes catalysts are their ability to bind to a substrate. A substrate is anything that needs to be changed into something else. The second important feature is that it works to lower the activation energy without being used or changed in the reaction (Hudon-Miller, 2012.
The breakdown of fructose in the liver starts off with two steps unique to fructose itself, prior to entering glycolysis. Fructose, a substrate, is broken down into the product, fructose-1-phophate, by the enzyme, fructokinase. The second step in …show more content…
Fructose-1-phosphate, or F-1-P, is the specific substrate acted on by the enzyme, aldolase B. Aldolase B takes F-1-P and makes the products, DHAP and Glyceraldehyde. These products are immediates in glycolysis to make fatty acids or ATP or it can go through gluconeogenesis to make glycogen (Sanders, …show more content…
Aldolase B, can no longer take its substrate, F-1-P, and turn it into the products, DHAP and Glyceraldehyde. During HFI, fructose is still being phosphorylated by fructokinase, leading to a build up of F-1-P, and will no longer being used for glycolysis or gluconeogenesis. The continued use of phosphorous leads to the depletion of the free phosphate pool in the cells. The electron transport chain requires phosphate to make ATP. With the low amounts of free phosphate available, ATP production slows. Essentially, fructose is no longer being used as energy by the liver cells. Liver cells are now low on energy leading to liver damage and eventually liver failure. Fructose-1-phosphate produces the symptoms of HFI. It normally acts a signal in high blood sugar instructing the glucokinase to stay in the cytoplasm, so it does not go into the nucleus. When blood sugar is low, and F-1-P builds up, it signals the glucokinse to stay in the cytoplasm leading to a glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis slowing down. When low blood sugar occurs, the liver cannot release glucose into the blood to help stabilize it, this is known as hypoglycemia. Many symptoms that are involved with hereditary fructose intolerance have to do with hypoglycemia, such as shakiness, headaches, and irritability, in addition to phosphate related liver issues (Sanders,