The Chemistry Of Natural Waters Lab Report
| The Chemistry of Natural Waters | Chem 111 Sec 104 | | Hyunjung Hwang | 11/6/2012 |
TA: Sarah Boehm, Group members: Rachel Hoffman, Dan Hirt |
Introduction Water hardness is a major part of overall water quality that affects many industrial and domestic water users. Water is considered hard when there are high concentrations of the divalent cations Magnesium and Calcium; water hardness is considered as the sum of both the calcium and magnesium concentrations and expressed as calcium carbonate in milligrams per liter (mg/L).1 Hard water requires more soap and synthetic detergents for home laundry and washing, and contributes to scaling in boilers and industrial equipment. Calcium and magnesium carbonates tend to be deposited …show more content…
AA value was measured by the instrument. However, AA is not perfect, so it may cause some errors. Also, during EDTA titration, the size of the drops was not uniform, and the number of drops might be counted wrong. There were multiple pipets out for the experiment. Deciding the color change from violet to blue depended on how each person doing the experiment. Sometimes the color change was not clear enough and required repetition of the steps. EDTA test for all divalent cations while AA test for specific elements. EDTA is broader, and AA is rather narrow which can cause the difference between them. There was not enough time to do the experiment twice or more, therefore, the result is depend on the only experiment that is done once. It’s hard to say the result is precise or …show more content…
The hardness of softened water was only measured by EDTA titration. Starbucks water’s hardness changed from 10 ppm to 8 ppm. Starbucks water was already really soft, so it did not get much softer. HUB water’s hardness changed from 82.27 ppm to 19 ppm. This sample showed a significant difference. It got 4 times softer than before. Pollock water’s hardness changed from 460 ppm to 370 ppm. The hardness got softer, but it did not change much. Water softening agents help reducing Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration in the water. As the water’s hardness got softer in the experiment, water softening agent is also effective and useful in lives.
Conclusion
Water hardness is a major part of overall water quality that affects many industrial and domestic water users. The major influences on hardness are minerals gained from natural rain water falls and the pipes that deliver water to different places. Water from the fountains in State College, PA, was much harder than water from a commercial store. The treatment of water with softening agents is one way in which to reduce the hardness which can be used in personal and industrial use.
TA: Sarah Boehm, Group members: Rachel Hoffman, Dan Hirt |
Introduction Water hardness is a major part of overall water quality that affects many industrial and domestic water users. Water is considered hard when there are high concentrations of the divalent cations Magnesium and Calcium; water hardness is considered as the sum of both the calcium and magnesium concentrations and expressed as calcium carbonate in milligrams per liter (mg/L).1 Hard water requires more soap and synthetic detergents for home laundry and washing, and contributes to scaling in boilers and industrial equipment. Calcium and magnesium carbonates tend to be deposited …show more content…
AA value was measured by the instrument. However, AA is not perfect, so it may cause some errors. Also, during EDTA titration, the size of the drops was not uniform, and the number of drops might be counted wrong. There were multiple pipets out for the experiment. Deciding the color change from violet to blue depended on how each person doing the experiment. Sometimes the color change was not clear enough and required repetition of the steps. EDTA test for all divalent cations while AA test for specific elements. EDTA is broader, and AA is rather narrow which can cause the difference between them. There was not enough time to do the experiment twice or more, therefore, the result is depend on the only experiment that is done once. It’s hard to say the result is precise or …show more content…
The hardness of softened water was only measured by EDTA titration. Starbucks water’s hardness changed from 10 ppm to 8 ppm. Starbucks water was already really soft, so it did not get much softer. HUB water’s hardness changed from 82.27 ppm to 19 ppm. This sample showed a significant difference. It got 4 times softer than before. Pollock water’s hardness changed from 460 ppm to 370 ppm. The hardness got softer, but it did not change much. Water softening agents help reducing Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration in the water. As the water’s hardness got softer in the experiment, water softening agent is also effective and useful in lives.
Conclusion
Water hardness is a major part of overall water quality that affects many industrial and domestic water users. The major influences on hardness are minerals gained from natural rain water falls and the pipes that deliver water to different places. Water from the fountains in State College, PA, was much harder than water from a commercial store. The treatment of water with softening agents is one way in which to reduce the hardness which can be used in personal and industrial use.