Submitted To

Submitted to: Ma’am Fauzia Ghani Submitted by: Iram Masood M.Phil (semester I)
Subject: Contemporay World Conflicts Since1945 Topic Nuclearization as a security strategy ‘case study of United States and Soviet Union’ Kinnaird College for Women,Lahore.

Table of Contents
Abstract 3
Introduction 4
The beginning of arms race 4
The 1950s and 1960s 5
The Berlin Blockade crisis 6 Nuclear weapon and Korean War 6 The Hydrogen Bomb 6
The 1960s to 1970s 6 From offense to defense 6
Arms Control during Cold War 6
Limited Test Ban Treaty 6
Non-proliferation Treaty (1968) 6
Antiballistic Missile (ABM) treaty 6
The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) 6
Reykjavik Summit 6
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) 6
Start 2 6
Conclusion 6
References 6

Nuclearization as a security strategy ‘case study of United States and Soviet Union’

Abstract
The cold war was a state of ideological, political and military confrontation after World War II between two major powers U.S.A and U.S.S.R. The period from 1945 to 1900 describe as cold war because there was no direct and full-fledged war between two blocs while both super powers supporting proxy wars.
This term paper is exploring a nuclear policy of two major powers during the cold war and this paper also examines the military strategies applied by two different ideological blocs to counter each other.

Nuclearization as a security strategy ‘case study of United States and Soviet Union’

Introduction:

Nuclear weapons or strategic weapons are world’s most dangerous and destructive weapons. A single weapon can destroy a city. Defending against nuclear weapon is completely impossible. There are two types of nuclear weapons .Fission weapons (atomic bombs) and Fusion weapons (thermonuclear bombs or H bombs).
Nuclear strategy refers to a military potential or political strategy in which weapons of mass destruction used by nuclear weapon states (NWS) to the total destroy of the enemy. Nuclear strategy also knows as Nuclear Warfare or Atomic Warfare, describe as a possibility of use nuclear or fusion weapons in war. Another explanation of nuclear strategy is policies that deal with preventing nuclear war. In this situation the main function is to maintain Second Strike capacity status and potentially the use of First Strike capability.
The nuclear weapons race describes as a competition between the two superpowers for nuclear weapons supremacy lasting all the way through the cold war. The arms race was central of the cold war, politics, divided the wartime allies into two conflicting blocs- the American cantered Capitalist bloc and Soviet headed Communist bloc. During the period of the cold war, both superpowers massively built up their stockpiles of nuclear weapons.

The Begging of the nuclear arms race:
The U.S.A explosion of the atomic bomb was first initiated towards nuclear arms race. In July 1945, first atomic test (Trinity) done by the USA at Alamogorobe. A-bomb was a technological achievement of the USA under the Manhattan Project. In the same year United States dropped two nuclear bombs against Japan, On 6 August 1945, First atomic bomb Little Boy dropped on Hiroshima and, three days later, on 9 August 1945 another nuclear bomb, Fat Man dropped on Nagasaki. The two bombs killed more than 200,000 people and World War 2 ended. The main purpose of use of nuclear bombs was to force Japan to surrender unconditionally and this incident leads to end of Second World War and, also put a significant shift in relations between U.S.A and U.S.S.R and the world entered into the atomic age. shortly after the end of World War II, United State emerged as a first nuclear power and enjoyed clear-cut superiority in nuclear technology till 1949, the United states tried to prevent the Soviet Union to gaining the atomic technology for that purpose in 1946 The United Sates proposed the Baruch Plan in that they proposed the idea of co-operation and development of atomic energy under supervision of the International organization, but Joseph Stalin rejected the idea of Baruch plan and on 29 August 1949, Soviet Union tested its first nuclear bomb(First Lightening) at Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan and became the world second nuclear state and the arms race began. Both countries counting building more and more powerful bombs.
The 1950s and 1960s:
The nuclear arms race became intense throughout the 1950s. In the early years of the arms race, the United States held a lead, but throughout the 1960s and 1970s the Soviet Union began to close the gap. During the time of American‘s nuclear supremacy, the concept of compliance describe the new American policy as regards to the use of nuclear power. President Truman viewed nuclear bombs as a tool or instrument of terror and not a traditional part of military use. But the Berlin crisis 1948, change the policy and on April 1950, National Security Council issued secret policy NSC-68, 1950 and it’s shaping U.S.A foreign policy for next 20 years.

The Berlin Blockade crisis:
The Berlin blockade was one of the first open conflicts between the two powers. On 24 June 1948 soviet union imposed a partial blockage of West Germany and cut off all railways, roads and water access to allied control area U.S.A, UK and France responded by supplying goods by air and the crisis ended on May 1 ,1949 when the Soviet Union left the blockade.
After the Second World War U.K, the U.S.A, France and U.S.S.R divided Germany in four zones. Eastern Germany headed the Soviet Union and Western Germany headed the United States, Britain and France. The Berlin Blockade designed to make the West drop its idea of a separate West Germany, but it was an obvious failure of the Soviet Union and on 7, October, the U.S.S.R accepted the division Germany.
Nuclear weapon and Korean War:
The Korean War began in 1950 when North Korea attacks South Korea in the attempt to reunite the country, but the war became international the United States joined the war to support South Korea and North supported by China and U.S.S..R. After hearing the news of attack Truman called for the United Nation General Security meeting. In 27, June 1950, UN adopted SRES-83 and dispatch force in Korea. Initially the war went well for North Korea and in September 1950 they conquered almost all country. China entry into the war caused alarm in Washington. On November 30, 1950 Truman stated that the atomic bomb might be used in Korea at General Douglas MacArthur discretion His order to deploy nuclear-capable B-29s to Britain and to Guam in July 1950 but without nuclear weapons. The bombers in Guam were rapidly withdrawn. Truman authorized deployment of B-29 bombers and nuclear weapons to Guam In April 1951. The purpose of the deployment was too ready to respond in case the Soviet Union should enter the war. The bombers and the weapons were withdrawn in July, once the armistice talks began.

The Hydrogen Bomb: NSC-68 adopted the idea of a pre-emptive strike as a counter attack policy and increasing the military capabilities, both in nuclear and conventional weapons and, also increase the capabilities of its allies. President Truman determined to develop a more and more weapons before Soviet did. He authorized work on thermonuclear or H-bombs in 1950.
On November 1, 1952, the United States tested world’s first Hydrogen bomb Codenamed Ivy Mike, which is 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb and 14 months later, on March, 1954 Hydrogen bomb tested by the United States on Bikini Atoll in the Marshall land.
On the other hand, the Soviet Union responded by detonating its Hydrogen device named RDS-67, and tested at Semipalatinsk in August 1953. The U.S.S.R exploded its second Hydrogen bomb RDS-37 in 1955.From 1955 to 1961 the Soviet Union tested series of Hydrogen bombs. This bomb proved to the world that the U.S.S.R has the technology to its nuclear warheads. Development of intercontinental ballistic missiles, or ICBMs changed the outline of the Cold War military strategy. An ICBM is a long-range ballistic missile with the ranges over 5000 miles. Some of are, take up to ten warheads that can hit different targets. The key word is 'intercontinental. 'Intercontinental ballistic missiles are capable of being launched from one continent to another. ICBMs designed to carry nuclear warheads, In the background of the Cold War,. The world's first ICBM was the Soviet R-7. The United States followed shortly after with their Atlas Missile. Intermediate –range missiles have range less than 1,000 miles. They include most submarines–launches ballistic missiles (SLBMs). Both superpowers deployed their weapons in Europe eliminated under the 1987 Intermediate Nuclear Forces treaty.

Nuclear weapons list of both states
U.S.A
Nuclear Weapons
Soviet Union
1,010
ICBMs
1,398
640
Submarines
938
260
Long Range bombs
160
24,700
N.warheads
36,800
0
Anti- ballistic Missile
100
14
Aircrafts
5
2,143,955
Armed Forces Persons
5,130,000

The era 1960s to 1970s;

Since both world powers were capable of pushing a button and nearly obliterating one another within a matter of minutes, military theorists formulated the doctrine of mutually assured destruction, or MAD. Possession of second strike capability by both sides called (MAD) According to this view, if one country launched missiles, the other, having a few minutes' notice before impact, would retaliate by launching missiles also. Both countries, therefore, would be destroyed. During the 1960, the policy of MAD played an important part in the defence strategies. John F. Kennedy administration supports the idea of Flexible response. Some viewed this doctrine as a deterrent to war because both countries would be less likely to launch missiles, knowing that it would only result in mutual destruction. The term describing this horrible situation was mutually assured destruction (MAD). A red button that, if pushed, would initiate a nuclear exchange was a prominent feature in stories of nuclear war, both countries had one. During the cold war, this was the problem faced by U.S policy maker, trying to deter a Soviet Union conventional attack on Western Europe; they could be threatening to use nuclear weapons. Hence the strategy of survival through nuclear attack avoidance depended on Soviet behaviour.
One of the most significant moments of the nuclear arms race was the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. When an American spy plane discovered missile sites in Cuba, a mere 90 miles from American, it presented a major diplomatic confrontation between President John F. Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev .Cuban Missile Crisis or Caribbean Crisis of October 1962 was a direct and dangerous confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union and was the moment when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear war. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense, 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S.A shores. In a TV address on October 22, 1962, President John Kennedy (1917-63) notified Americans about the presence of the missiles, explained his decision to ratify a naval blockade around Cuba and made it clear the U.S.A was prepared to use military force if necessary to neutralize this perceived threat to national security. Following this news, many people feared the world was on the brink of nuclear war. However, disaster was avoided when the U.S. agreed to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev’s (1894-1971) offer to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the U.S. promising not to invade Cuba. Kennedy also secretly agreed to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey.
From offense to defence: President Ronald Reagan launched Star wars or Ballistic Missile (BMD) system,designed to provide intercontinental nuclear missile weak and superseded. This program is called the Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI), create as a Defence Dominant strategy, originated in President Reagan’s administration in 1983. The main aim was to use space and ground-based weapons systems as tools of strategic defense to defend the US from nuclear missile attack and end the strategy of mutual deterrence.
However, the mission shortly shifted to a more realistic one of defending U.S missiles in a massive Soviet attack. After the cold war the mission once again shifted to protecting U.S territory from a limited missile attack.
Arms Control during Cold War:
Throughout the time of cold war, both superpowers developed their nuclear warheads. The United States and the Soviet Union were busy in gaining more and more nuclear technology and counter each other. This was the most alarming situation during the cold war era. But after two decades series of arms control agreement signed between U.S.A and U.S.S.R. Arms control is an effect by two and more states to regulate by formal agreement with their acquisition of weapons. Although both parties rapidly extended their nuclear weapons, but side by side, both states also working to deter.
At first, the United States enjoyed clear cut superiority and relied on a strategy of massive retaliation for any Soviet attack. This treaty became less convincing as the Soviet developed a second strike capability .In the 1960, the superpowers turned to nuclear arms control to normalize their relations. They believed that they would not let the arms race lead to them in nuclear war .Nuclear arms control talks did not stop superpowers to developing weapons they wanted, but did manage the arms race.

Limited Test Ban Treaty: For example, the first agreement, In August 1963, the United States joins the Soviet Union and United Kingdom in agreeing to ban nuclear explosions in the atmosphere, outer space, or under water, and places significant restrictions on detonating nuclear devices underground. The Limited Test Ban Treaty reflects concerns about the dangers of nuclear fallout. A high-speed "hotline" connecting the leaders of the Soviet and U.S. governments is established to mitigate the risk of accidental warfare.
Non-proliferation Treaty (1968) built on the superpowers common fears of other potential new nuclear states. Discussions on a non-proliferation treaty began at the UN in 1959; after multiple rounds of drafts, the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) signed on July 1, 1968. The measure recognizes the five existing nuclear-weapons states at the time—China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and guarantees other signatories the right to civilian nuclear technology subject to IAEA safeguards, but prohibits them from acquiring nuclear weapons capabilities.
Antiballistic Missile (ABM) treaty prevented either side from using a ballistic missile defense as a shield from which to launch a first strike. However, this treaty allows testing of missile technology. The United States withdraw from the treaty, although she this treaty created by U.S.A.
The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) in the time of detente 1970s, this treaty puts formal ceilings on the development of nuclear weapons. The U.S had 30,000 arsenals in the 1960s and the U.S.S.R had 40,000 arsenals in the 1980.
Reykjavik Summit: on October 1986, Gorbachev and Reagan meet in one of the most unusual U.S.-Soviet summits ever. The two states almost agree to reduce their offensive nuclear weapons within ten years. The deal unravels over the problem of missile defense testing, with the Soviets favouring a strict interpretation of the ABM treaty that confined research and development in laboratories and the United States argues for a broad interpretation allowing the development and testing of space-based missile defense components.
The International Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty of 1987 banned an entire class of missile that both sides had deployed in Europe and for the first time actually both states reducing nuclear forces.
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) is signed by U.S. president George H.W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev on July 31, 1991,the treaty enters into force on December 5, 1994. START limits the United States and Russia to approximately 6,000 warheads and 1,600 delivery vehicles each. The treaty is judged a success; both sides, which had more than 10,000 deployed warheads in 1990, will reduce their arsenals to well below 6,000 warheads by the time the treaty expires in December
(START II) signed by the United States and Soviet Union in 1992, ratified by the U.S. Congress in 1996. And also ratified by Russia‘s parliament after the delay of eight years.This treaty emphasis on reduction of deployed warheads from about 6,000 to 2, 200 within the ten years.
Conclusion:
The nuclear arms race describes as a competition between the two superpowers for nuclear weapons supremacy lasting all the way through the cold war. The arms race was central of the cold war, politics, divided the wartime allies into two conflicting blocs- the American cantered Capitalist bloc and Soviet headed Communist bloc. During the period of the cold war, both superpowers massively built up their stockpiles of nuclear weapons.
During that time, Global security was maintained through a balance of weapons of mass destruction between the United States and Soviet Union. The global security has completely changed with the end of cold war. After the 1990, the threat of global nuclear war has not mainstream issue in the Western strategic debate. The world has moved from First Nuclear age to Second Nuclear age, in which they faced the threat of possibility that terrorist or non-state actors and rogue states might acquire the nuclear technology, and the emergence of modern chemical and biological weapons also designate the new age of weapons of mass destruction. They are low-cost, effective and difficult to control. in other words, we can say that demolish of Soviet Union shifted the nuclear strategies, Nowadays world face the threat of nuclear terrorism.

Reference
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