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9.5 – Industrial Chemistry (Option):
Δ. Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: The EQUILIBRIUM Constant:
For the basic reversible reaction, depicted as: aA + bB cC + dD;
Uses of SULFURIC ACID:
Fertiliser Production: Creating ammonium sulfate: sulfuric acid + ammonia ammonium sulfate H2SO4 (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (aq) Dehydrating Agent: Dehydration of ethanol: ethanol ethylene + water C2H5OH (l) C2H4 (g) + H2O (l) Dehydration of sucrose: sucrose carbon + water C12H22O11 (s) 12C (s) + 11H2O (l) Oxidising Agent: The oxidation of copper into copper ions: FULL: Oxidation: Reduction: Cu (s) + 2H2SO4 (aq) CuSO4 (aq) + SO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) Cu (s) Cu2+ (aq) + 2e− H2SO4 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e− SO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) H2SO4 (l) + H2O (l) HSO4− (aq) + H3O (aq) ΔH = -90 kJ/mol
Sulfuric Acid IONISATION:
Step ONE:
Step TWO:
HSO4− (aq) + H2O (l) SO42− (aq) + H3O (aq)
Production of Sulfuric Acid (CONTACT Process):
Sulfur Dioxide Production: sulfur + oxygen sulfur dioxide S (l) + O2 (g) SO2 (g) Sulfur Trioxide Conversion: sulfur dioxide + oxygen sulfur trioxide 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g) Oleum Absorption: sulfur trioxide + sulfuric acid oleum SO3 (g) + H2SO4 (l) H2S2O7 (l) Oleum Dilution: oleum + water sulfuric acid H2S2O7 (l) + H2O (l) 2H2SO4 (l)
ELECTROLYSIS of Sodium Chloride:
Molten NaCl: Overall reaction: 2NaCl (l) 2Na (l) + Cl2 (g) Half-equations: 2Cl− (l) Cl2 (g) + 2e− Na+ (l) + e− Na (s) Concentrated NaCl: Half-equations: 2Cl− (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e− 2H2O (l) + 2e− H2 (g) + 2OH− (aq) Dilute NaCl:
Half-equations: 2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e− 2H2O (l) + 2e− H2 (g) + 2OH− (aq) Overall reaction: 2H2O (l) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
Production of SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
Mercury Cell: Electrolytic half-equations: ANODE (titanium): 2Cl− (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e− CATHODE (mercury) : Na+ (aq) + e− Na (Hg) Hydrolysis of sodium: sodium + water sodium hydroxide + hydrogen 2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)
Δ. Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: The EQUILIBRIUM Constant:
For the basic reversible reaction, depicted as: aA + bB cC + dD;
Uses of SULFURIC ACID:
Fertiliser Production: Creating ammonium sulfate: sulfuric acid + ammonia ammonium sulfate H2SO4 (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (aq) Dehydrating Agent: Dehydration of ethanol: ethanol ethylene + water C2H5OH (l) C2H4 (g) + H2O (l) Dehydration of sucrose: sucrose carbon + water C12H22O11 (s) 12C (s) + 11H2O (l) Oxidising Agent: The oxidation of copper into copper ions: FULL: Oxidation: Reduction: Cu (s) + 2H2SO4 (aq) CuSO4 (aq) + SO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) Cu (s) Cu2+ (aq) + 2e− H2SO4 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e− SO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) H2SO4 (l) + H2O (l) HSO4− (aq) + H3O (aq) ΔH = -90 kJ/mol
Sulfuric Acid IONISATION:
Step ONE:
Step TWO:
HSO4− (aq) + H2O (l) SO42− (aq) + H3O (aq)
Production of Sulfuric Acid (CONTACT Process):
Sulfur Dioxide Production: sulfur + oxygen sulfur dioxide S (l) + O2 (g) SO2 (g) Sulfur Trioxide Conversion: sulfur dioxide + oxygen sulfur trioxide 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g) Oleum Absorption: sulfur trioxide + sulfuric acid oleum SO3 (g) + H2SO4 (l) H2S2O7 (l) Oleum Dilution: oleum + water sulfuric acid H2S2O7 (l) + H2O (l) 2H2SO4 (l)
ELECTROLYSIS of Sodium Chloride:
Molten NaCl: Overall reaction: 2NaCl (l) 2Na (l) + Cl2 (g) Half-equations: 2Cl− (l) Cl2 (g) + 2e− Na+ (l) + e− Na (s) Concentrated NaCl: Half-equations: 2Cl− (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e− 2H2O (l) + 2e− H2 (g) + 2OH− (aq) Dilute NaCl:
Half-equations: 2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e− 2H2O (l) + 2e− H2 (g) + 2OH− (aq) Overall reaction: 2H2O (l) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
Production of SODIUM HYDROXIDE:
Mercury Cell: Electrolytic half-equations: ANODE (titanium): 2Cl− (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e− CATHODE (mercury) : Na+ (aq) + e− Na (Hg) Hydrolysis of sodium: sodium + water sodium hydroxide + hydrogen 2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)