Mucoadhesive properties prolong the retention time of the bead’s dose in the targeted site the colon [23], [50]. Since the dose is intended to colonic release, mucoadhesion parameters play a key role in the efficiency of the form. The beads remain longer in contact with colonic mucosa when they have more mucoadhesive property. As a result the probiotics will have enough time to get released from beads and colonize the colon [37], [51]. It is therefore judicious to consider formulas with high mucoadhesion to colonic tissues, to have prolonged duration of action and enhanced efficiency which help in reducing the dosing frequency. Figure 3 shows the mucoadhesiveness properties of different types of beads on jejunal [A] and colonic mucosa [B]. Generally the mucoadhesion strength decreases with time, regardless of the mucosal type or bead type. In the case of jejunal mucosa [A] no significant differences were observed between…
The beginning of the digestive process starts with the smell and sight of food which activate the salivary glands. The mouth is the point at which food enters the digestive tract and continues the digestive process by chewing food. The food is then broken down into pieces and moistened by salivary glands which turn food into a bolus. The bolus goes down the pharynx into the esophagus which connects the pharynx to the stomach. The stomach is an organ that mixes food and secretes gastric juice. The bolus, once in the stomach, is mixed into a semiliquid mass called chime. The stomach is close together with the liver and pancreas but does not get assistance from these organs. The chime then enters…
For Patient 1, before the treatment, she had 6 times reoccurrences of CDI over 18 months. Before CDI, she went into her knee surgery and was administered cefazolin. This caused her first CDI. After the fecal transplant treatment, her bowel cycle was normal and C. difficile was not detected in her stool sample 10 days after the treatment. Because of her urinary problems, she was administered to additional antibiotics; however, no sign of CDI occurred. For Patient 2, because she had cellulitis, she was administered cefazolin and had 3 times of reoccurrences of CDI. After the treatment, she bowel movement normalized. She was prescribed to ceftriaxone for her cellulitis after the treatment and still remained symptom-free because her bowel movement and stool were normal. Both stool samples from the patients contained ribotype 078 preceding the…
For many it seemed cure would be easier than prevention.” Yet, as effective as penicillin was, it was effective only against certain types of bacteria; against others, it was powerless. Stockpiling the Antibiotic Arsenal…
Follow up: The boy had a 2nd relapse of C.diff diarrhea and was treated with Metronidazole. 2 days after completion of this treatment, he started having diarrhea again. The third relapse was treated with oral Vancomycin and the boy had complete resolution of…
Fecal incontinence (FI) is a medical condition that can be socially crippling and devastating. It is defined as the recurrent uncontrolled passage of stool for at least 1 month. (1) This condition will cause patients to literally stay locked in their homes and can be a major deciding factor for placing loved ones into a nursing home. (2) It true incidence of this condition varies greatly due to the negative stigmata and loss of autonomy associated it. The median prevalence of FI is 7.7% with a range of 2 – 21%. It affects both males and females equally and it increases with age. (3) Risk factors for developing FI include parous females, patients with cognitive or…
Every year millions of Americans get an infection in the stomach called Clostridium difficile (aka C-diff). There are antibiotics that can cure it but in the past they haven’t worked as well as expected. They kill off the infection but in the process it destroys good bacteria too. This can cause another infection in the future because your body isn’t powerful enough to prevent it. There are other cures to C-diff too, like fecal transplants. This is the process where stool from a healthy donor is inserted in the colon to prevent another infection. It also restores good bacteria to the body. The only downside is that this procedure is expensive and is a very uncomfortable process. To solve this problem, Dr. Thomas Louie and…
Gram negative bacteria resistant patterns are troublesome to the general public because common illnesses could suddenly become deadly. Carbapenem antibiotics are seen as a last resort. If gram-negative bacteria develop a resistance to this antibiotic, antibiotics could become useless in treating a super resistant strain of gram-negative bacteria.…
Clostridium difficile is often called C. Diff or C. difficile, is a bacterium that may cause symptoms from diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon (Mayo Clinic, 2013). C. difficile affects mostly older adults in log-term health care facilities or hospitals. C. diff usually occurs after one use’s antibiotic medications for long periods of time. Now-a-days C. diff is affecting people who are not normally considered high risk, such as healthy adults and younger adults without exposure to health care facilities or without a history of antibiotic use. Clostridium difficile is shed in feces. Any material, device, or surface that may become contaminated may transmit C. Diff. C. Diff is transferred to patients by health care professionals, who came into contact with the contaminated item or surface.…
Zimmer’s article on fecal transplants (2016), discusses how the effectiveness of transporting healthy stool to sick individuals has led to a series of unanswered questions and beliefs. For years scientists were unsuccessful in finding a use for this type of treatment. The breakthrough came about during a trial experiment using the procedure to treat a serious bacterial infection; Clostridium difficile. Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that causes infectious diarrhea which can lead to inflammation of the colon (Day, 2016). It is a life threatening infection. The article does not state how a fecal transplant is performed but Zimmer does state that as a part of their research, scientists took spores from healthy feces and put them inside pills to give to patients who were infected with Clostridium difficile. The pills were given to thirty people and twenty-nine recovered. With results like that, scientists were eager to see what other diseases could be…
C.diff is a gram –positive, anaerobic, spore forming bacteria. It colonizes the intestinal tract of those infected after normal intestinal flora has been disrupted by antibiotic therapy. Diagnosis of C.diff is based on clinical symptoms supported by endoscopic finding or stool testing for the presence of the pathogens or toxins. Patients that has taken antibiotics within the past 3 months or a patient that has diarrhea 72 hours after hospitalization should be tested. ELISA is the test used to diagnosis C.diff. It checks for the toxin A or B or both. C.diff incubation period is 1 to 2 weeks. Asymptomatic carriage can range from severe diarrhea, pseudo membranous colitis, toxic mega colon, intestinal perforation, and death from secondary sepsis. C.diff toxin founded in stool ranges from 1% to 2% in normal population to 10% in hospital inpatients and up to 85% to 90% in patients with proven AAPMC.…
Clostridium Difficile is an infectious disease that is healthcare related requiring immediate attention by hospital staff. If left untreated this disease can become fatal. The mortality rate for patients that are diagnosed with severe Clostridium Difficile is 30 to 85 percent of patients that h better education for staff about the symptoms and means of spreading , prescribing fewer antibiotics unnecessarily, and introducing ways to help the patient deal with the antibiotics, and berrer hand washing for all staff ("Clostridium Difficile Infection," 2010). By making sure, that all health providers clean their hands with soap and water before and after caring for a patient, we can prevent the spread of this infection ("Clostridium Difficile Infection," 2010). Treatment for Clostridium Difficile can depend on the severity of the symptoms that are presented (Keske & Letizia, 2010).…
Thesis: Martin Luther King Jr. broke the precedented racial boundaries during the civil rights movement through Ghandian ideas and philisophical texts to express his views with force and precision, a talent that would prove useful in his future leadership activities.…
The Facts of Eating PooPHave you ever wondered what it would do to you if you ever ate your poop or someone elses. Chances are you will die a day or two after eating poop. According to the national scientists organization where they test on collage students who are looking for quick money say that after their first thirteen sets of tests they began to realize that their test subjects also refered as humen lab mice say that eating poop has a very negative effect on your body. The effects range from eating stomick worms to death. So the nationa scientists organization reconmends that humans never ever ever ever eat any type of poop and when i sayu type i mean type because animal feces has a just as worse effect on the human and mice body as well.…
Medical Management: Patient was seen by an E.R. doctor who decided not to start her on any antibiotics. Patient has been on 2 courses of Ciprofloxacin and Flagyl prior to admission. Blood work was drawn and abdominal x-ray ordered. Intravenous fluids were initiated in the emergency room to hydrate her as well to help the nausea. Urology consult was called for the patient. A stool study was also ordered down in the emergency room. She has had diarrhea for the past few days prior to admission. Clostridium difficile is a consideration due to the use of Cipro twice in the month of January. Zofran was ordered for her nausea, fluid…