Phsycology 101
LECTURE OUTLINE
HISTORY & INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
I. BP = BEFORE "PSYCHOLOGY"
A. SIGNIFICANT QUESTIONS ABOUT MANKIND
B. RELATIVELY EARLY ANSWERS
II. THE "NEW" DISCIPLINE: 130+ YEARS OF PARADIGM SHIFTS A. STRUCTURALISM: WUNDT (1879) & HALL (1883) B. FUNCTIONALISM: JAMES (1890) C. THE PSYCHOANALYTIC VIEW: unconscious processes, basic drives FREUD (1914) & ERIKSON (1950) D. THE BEHAVIORIST VIEW: past learning, rewards & punishments PAVLOV (1905), WATSON (1913) & SKINNER (1938) E. THE COGNITIVE VIEW: thought processes, mental viewpoint PIAGET (1930), MILLER (1960), BANDURA (1982) F. HUMANIST / PHENOMENOLOGICAL VIEW: subjective experience, personal viewpoint ROGERS (1951) & MASLOW (1954)
G. THE BIOLOGICAL VIEW: genetics & body chemistry MÜLLER (1840), WEBER (1850), von HELMHOLTZ (1860), HEBB (1949), OLDS (1954), ETHOLOGICAL THEORIES
III. CURRENT MAJOR PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY A. PSYCHOANALYTIC – unconscious processes, basic drives B. BEHAVIORAL – past learning, rewards & punishments C. COGNITIVE – thought processes, mental viewpoint D. PHENOMENOLOGICAL – subjective experience E. BIOLOGICAL – genetics & body chemistry
IV. RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY A. WHAT IS A THEORY? B. RESEARCH STRATEGIES 1. OBSERVATIONAL [only describes] 2. CORRELATIONAL [only measures] 3. EXPERIMENTAL [manipulates + measures] a. POPULATION & REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE b. CONDITIONS 1.) EXPERIMENTAL 2.) CONTROL c. VARIABLES 1.) INDEPENDENT 2.) DEPENDENT 4. RESEARCH DESIGNS a. CROSS SECTIONAL b. LONGITUDINAL
V. CONTAMINATION OF RESEARCH DATA & RESULTS A. CONFOUNDING VARIABLES INFLUENCE THE DATA 1. UNREPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF THE CHOSEN POPULATION 2. WORDING OF SURVEY QUESTIONS 3. GUESSING THE EXPERIMENT’S PURPOSE 4. UNCONTROLLED VARIABLES B. IMPROPER INTERPRETATION OF DATA 1. NOT RECOGNIZING UNCONTROLLED VARIABLES 2.
HISTORY & INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
I. BP = BEFORE "PSYCHOLOGY"
A. SIGNIFICANT QUESTIONS ABOUT MANKIND
B. RELATIVELY EARLY ANSWERS
II. THE "NEW" DISCIPLINE: 130+ YEARS OF PARADIGM SHIFTS A. STRUCTURALISM: WUNDT (1879) & HALL (1883) B. FUNCTIONALISM: JAMES (1890) C. THE PSYCHOANALYTIC VIEW: unconscious processes, basic drives FREUD (1914) & ERIKSON (1950) D. THE BEHAVIORIST VIEW: past learning, rewards & punishments PAVLOV (1905), WATSON (1913) & SKINNER (1938) E. THE COGNITIVE VIEW: thought processes, mental viewpoint PIAGET (1930), MILLER (1960), BANDURA (1982) F. HUMANIST / PHENOMENOLOGICAL VIEW: subjective experience, personal viewpoint ROGERS (1951) & MASLOW (1954)
G. THE BIOLOGICAL VIEW: genetics & body chemistry MÜLLER (1840), WEBER (1850), von HELMHOLTZ (1860), HEBB (1949), OLDS (1954), ETHOLOGICAL THEORIES
III. CURRENT MAJOR PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY A. PSYCHOANALYTIC – unconscious processes, basic drives B. BEHAVIORAL – past learning, rewards & punishments C. COGNITIVE – thought processes, mental viewpoint D. PHENOMENOLOGICAL – subjective experience E. BIOLOGICAL – genetics & body chemistry
IV. RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY A. WHAT IS A THEORY? B. RESEARCH STRATEGIES 1. OBSERVATIONAL [only describes] 2. CORRELATIONAL [only measures] 3. EXPERIMENTAL [manipulates + measures] a. POPULATION & REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE b. CONDITIONS 1.) EXPERIMENTAL 2.) CONTROL c. VARIABLES 1.) INDEPENDENT 2.) DEPENDENT 4. RESEARCH DESIGNS a. CROSS SECTIONAL b. LONGITUDINAL
V. CONTAMINATION OF RESEARCH DATA & RESULTS A. CONFOUNDING VARIABLES INFLUENCE THE DATA 1. UNREPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF THE CHOSEN POPULATION 2. WORDING OF SURVEY QUESTIONS 3. GUESSING THE EXPERIMENT’S PURPOSE 4. UNCONTROLLED VARIABLES B. IMPROPER INTERPRETATION OF DATA 1. NOT RECOGNIZING UNCONTROLLED VARIABLES 2.