nutrition

Acknowledgments

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Abstract
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Table of Contents

1. Nutrition

Technically, nutrition is defined as “The sum of the processes involved in eating, absorbing, and using nutrients”. The science of nutrition studies the processes by which the body uses food for energy, maintenance, and growth. It is particularly concerned with identifying those nutrients and substances in foods that foster the development of a strong body and promote good health.
There are six major classes of nutrients they are;
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fats
3. Minerals
4. Protein
5. Vitamin
6. Water. Nutrition is also called nourishment which helps in providing the food to cells and organisms. Poor nourishment can have an injurious impact on health, causing deficiency diseases such as scary, beriberi and kwashiorkor.

2. Malnutrition

Malnutrition is a broad term which refers to both under nutrition (sub nutrition) and over nutrition. Individuals are malnourished, or suffer from under nutrition if their diet does not provide them with adequate calories and protein for maintenance and growth, or they cannot fully utilize the food they eat due to illness. People are also malnourished, or suffer from over nutrition if they consume too manycalories.

Malnutrition can also be defined as the insufficient, excessive or imbalanced consumption of nutrients. Several different nutrition disorders may develop, depending on which nutrients are lacking or consumed in excess.

What causes Malnutrition?
There are a number of causes of malnutrition.
It may result from: inadequate or unbalanced diet; problems with digestion or absorption; certain medical conditions.
Malnutrition can occur if you do not eat enough food. Starvation is a form of malnutrition.
You may develop malnutrition if you lack of a single vitamin in the diet.
In some cases, malnutrition is very mild and causes no symptoms. However, sometimes it can be so severe that the damage done to the body is permanent, even though you survive.
Malnutrition continues to be a significant problem all over the world, especially among children. Poverty, natural disasters, political problems, and war all contribute to conditions — even epidemics — of malnutrition and starvation, and not just in developing countries.

3. Main function s of nutrition

The main functions of nutrients are........
1. To provide energy
2. To promote growth and development
3. To regulate body processes

Essential Nutrients
The body’s essential nutrients are composed of chemical elements found in food and used by the body to perform many different functions. Food provides heat, promotes growth, repairs tissues, and regulates body processes. The six essential nutrients include:
The six essential nutrients include:
CARBOHYDRATES
Major source of human energy
Easily digested
Cheaper source of energy than fats or proteins
Made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Main dietary sources: bread, pasta, crackers, cereals, potatoes, corn, peas, fruits, sugar, and syrups
Carbohydrates should make up 40% - 50% of the daily diet.
FATS
Provide the most concentrated form of energy but are a more expensive source of energy than carbohydrates
Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but contain more oxygen than carbohydrates
Maintain body temperature by providing insulation; cushion organs and bones; aid in the absorption of fat soluble vitamins; provide flavor to meals
Two classifications of fats: i. Saturated: fats that are solid at room temperature (shortening) ii. Unsaturated: fats that are liquid or soft at room temperature (oils)
Cholesterol: a fatty substance found in body cells and animal fats and also manufactured by the liver. An excess can contribute to atherosclerosis
Main dietary sources: butter, margarine, oils, cream, fatty meats, cheeses, and egg yolk
Daily diet should consist of no more than 25% - 30% fat.

PROTEINS
Basic components of all body cells
Essential for building and repairing tissue, regulating body functions, and providing energy and heat
Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and some also contain sulfur, phosphorus, iron and iodine
Proteins are made up of 22 building blocks called amino acids:
Complete proteins: contain 9 of the amino acids that are essential to life. Found in meats, fish, milk, cheeses, eggs
Incomplete proteins: contain any of the remaining thirteen amino acids and some of the nine essential amino acids. Found in vegetable foods such as cereals, soybeans, dry beans, peas, and peanuts.
Daily diet should consist of 10% - 15% protein

VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic (living) compounds that are essential to life
Vitamins are important for metabolism, tissue building, and regulating body processes
Vitamins allow the body to use the energy provided by carbohydrates, fats and proteins
Only small amounts of vitamins are required; a well balanced diet usually supplies adequate amounts
Vitamins are classified as one of two types:
Water soluble: dissolve in water, are easily destroyed by cooking, air and light (vitamin C and B complex)
Fat soluble: dissolve in fat, can be stored in the body, are not easily destroyed by cooking, air and light, (Vitamins A,D,E,K)
MINERALS
Minerals are inorganic (non living) elements found in all body cells
Minerals regulate body fluids, assist in various body functions, contribute to growth, and aid in building tissues

WATER
Water is found in all body tissues
Water essential for the digestion (breakdown) of food, makes up most of the blood plasma, helps body tissues absorb nutrients, and helps move waste material through the body.
The average person needs 6 to 8 glasses of water each day

4. Balanced diet

What is a balanced diet?
A balanced diet needs to contain foods from all the main food groups in the correct proportions to provide the body with optimum nutrition. It should also be made up of the correct number of calories to maintain a healthy weight, and be low in processed foods. Every person is different and hence the correct diet for health may vary from person to person, however by following a diet that is varied, covers all foods groups and is low in undesirable nutrients such as sodium, saturated fats and sugar, you are well on your way to a healthy body Why is a balanced diet important?
A balanced diet is one that provides the body with all the essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals required to maintain cells, tissues and organs as well as to function correctly. A diet that is lacking in nutrients can lead to many different health problems ranging from tiredness and lack of energy to serious problems with the function of vital organs and lack of growth and development. How to achieve a healthy balanced diet?
To achieve a healthy, balanced diet, it is important to eat at least three meals a day and not to skip breakfast. Each meal should be composed of a variety of foods from each food group and portion sizes should be moderated to control calorie intake. Limiting alcohol consumption is also recommended, the US guidelines being one standard drink per day for women and two for men with two alcohol free days per week.

Components of a healthy balanced diet are;
Dairy, Protein, Fruit ,Vegetables, Grains, Fats and Oils ,Treats and ‘sometimes’ foods.

5. Diet plane for a patient with disease of

What is the Diabetes Support diet plan?
There is no specific "diabetes diet", instead, those with diabetes can manage their condition by enjoying a healthy, well balanced diet that 's high in fibre, low in sugar, low in fat and heart healthy. However, we understand that you sometimes may want a little more guidance when making your food choices and that 's why we have created the Diabetes Support Plan which encompasses all the principals of eating well for diabetes. The daily meal plans are editable and because every meal and food item on your plan will have the protein, carb and fat content displayed you can easily see the impact of any changes you make, particularly useful for those who count their carbs. There are no restrictions in this plan, instead it gives you all the know-how to manage your blood glucose levels and stay in control.

How will the Diabetes Support diet plan work?
1Provide a balanced diet that 's fibre rich and heart healthy
2Help control sugar cravings
3Help improve blood glucose levels
4Reduce risk of developing diabetes complications, including heart disease
5Reduce risk of developing diabetes if at pre-diabetes stage

Healthy diabetic eating includes
Limiting foods that are high in sugar
Eating smaller portions, spread out over the day
Being careful about when and how many carbohydrates you eat
Eating a variety of whole-grain foods, fruits and vegetables every day
Eating less fat
Limiting your use of alcohol
Using less salt
A sample menu
Your daily meal plan should take into account your size as well as your physical activity level. The following menu is tailored for someone who needs 1,200 to 1,600 calories a day.

Diet for Hypertension

Hypertension or 'High Blood Pressure ' as it is more commonly known, is a silent disease wherein there are hardly any noticeable symptoms, but if left undetected and uncontrolled can cause severe damage to other organs in the body.
Hypertension can be kept under control by following simple diet and lifestyle changes. While it is a well-known fact that dietary sodium needs to be restricted in such cases, recent research also shows the importance of including adequate amounts of potassium and calcium in the diet

Option
Early Morning
Breakfast
Mid Morning
Lunch
Evening
Dinner

1
Watermelon Juice
Corn Oats Upma, Grapes
Raspberries
Brown Rice, More Kozhambu, Katirikka Rasavangi, Lobia and Corn Salad
Tea
Whole Wheat Phulkas, Channa Dal with Ghia, Aloo Capsicum Sabzi, Cucumber Raita, Banana
2
100% Orange Juice
High Energy Poha, Banana
Apple
Vaal ni Dal no Pulav, Cabbage and Peas Sabzi, Mixed Veg Raita, Pineapple
Soy Milk
Bajra Kand Rotis, Moong Dal Panki, Tawa Vegetables, Sprouts Salad, Yogurt (Fat Free)
3
Green Tea
Soy Dosa, Sambar, Pear
Unsalted Nuts
Rice Flour Bhakris, Spicy Mint Chicken, Stuffed Brinjals, Fruit Kebabs
Green Tea
Cold Cucumber Soup, Wheat Pasta with Vegetables, Fruity Channa Salad, Yogurt (Fat Free)
4
Grapefruit Juice
Steamed Oat Surprise, Papaya
Blackberries
Soy Chapathis, Dhingri Matar, Brinjal Bhurta, Chickpea Salad with Peppers and Tomatoes
Black and Beautiful
Bisi Bele Bhath, Green Salad, Yogurt (Fat Free), Cherries
5
100% Apple Juice
All Bran Cereal, Milk (1% Fat milk), Strawberries
Dried Apricots
Whole Wheat Tortillas, Grilled Chicken, Steamed Vegetables, Fruit and Lettuce Salad (No Salt), Yogurt (Fat Free)
Banana Berry Fruit Smoothie
Brown Rice & Veg Sautee, Baked Fish, Italian Zucchini, Cucumber Salad, Nectarine

Anemia Diet

Anemia is caused by low levels of hemoglobin in the blood which is in turn caused by low levels of iron or vitamin B12 in the body. Refined foods such as white bread, sugar and desserts can deplete the body of iron unless iron rich foods are included in the diet. It is best to take iron in its natural form, as inorganic iron can cause serious damage to the body including liver damage, miscarriage and premature birth.
A diet for anemia can make up for this deficiency in iron and it should be alkaline in nature. Apart from being rich in iron it should also be a balanced and nutritious one. The diet should emphasize raw fruits and vegetables that are rich in iron that will also supply the body with other essential vitamins and minerals.
Fruits and vegetables also ensure a supply of ample dietary fiber which is important for good health.

Other vitamins and minerals that help in the absorption of iron and are useful in the treatment of anemia include copper, folic acid and vitamin B12. Foods rich in these nutrients should also form a part of an anemia diet. Of these, vitamin B12 is found in animal proteins and in meats such as liver and kidney.

Diet Plan
Western Diet
Vegetarian Diet
Breakfast
Orange juice
Fortified cereal with milk
Scrambled egg
Toast with margarine/jam
Tea or coffee
Orange juice
Stewed prunes
Fortified cereal with milk
Toast/butter or khakhra/ghee
Tea or coffee
Mid Morning
Tea or coffee
Biscuits
Tea or coffee
Nuts
Lunch
Corned beef sandwich
Salad: tettuce, tomato, and/or cucumber
Ice-cream
Spinach
Vegetable cutlets
Chapatties made from coarse flour
Rice and dal
Milk pudding
Mid Afternoon
Tea or coffee
Almond cake
Tea or coffee
Walnut cake
Dinner
Braised lamb’s liver
Minted potatoes
Sliced green beans
Fruit salad
Yogurt/curd
Lentil soup
Bean risotto
Salad: Tomatoes, cucumber,
Lettuce
Puries

Foods to Avoid
Foods that should be avoided by those with anemia are those that interfere with the absorption of iron or cause iron depletion. They include drinks such as coffee and tea and foods such as bran, egg whites, white bread, sugar and desserts.

6. summery

Bibliography

1. Anand, A. (2010, May 02). Moderm family ideas. Retrieved july 25, 2013, from http://www.modernfamilyideas.com/: http://www.modernfamilyideas.com/health/community_and_health/what-is-nutrition-definition-and-meaning-of-nutrition.php

2. by mayo clinick staff. (2013, april). Diabetes. Retrieved july 24, 2013, from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/diabetes-diet/DA00027: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/diabetes-diet/DA00027

3. NAOMI. (2012 , APRIL 23). What is a balanced diet and why is it important? Retrieved july 24, 2013, from http://www.caloriesecrets.net/: What is a balanced diet and why is it important?

4. nemia Diet. (2010, Augast 1). Retrieved july 25, 2013, from www.diethealthclub.com: http://www.diethealthclub.com/health-issues-and-diet/anaemia/diet.html

5. New York Times News Service. (2013, May 28). What is malnutrition? Retrieved july 26, 2013, from http://gulfnews.com/: http://gulfnews.com/news/world/usa/what-is-malnutrition-1.1189467

6. Nordqvist, C. (2010, February 16). http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/What Is Malnutrition? What Causes Malnutrition? Retrieved july 25, 2013, from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179316.php

7. WebMDhealth. (n.d.). Retrieved july 25, 2013, from http://acad.fcps.org/fon/essentialnutrients.htm

8. www.tescodiets.com. (n.d.). Retrieved july 25, 2013, from diabatic support diate: http://www.tescodiets.com/px/diet-plans/diets/Diabetes

Bibliography: 1. Anand, A. (2010, May 02). Moderm family ideas. Retrieved july 25, 2013, from http://www.modernfamilyideas.com/: http://www.modernfamilyideas.com/health/community_and_health/what-is-nutrition-definition-and-meaning-of-nutrition.php 2. by mayo clinick staff. (2013, april). Diabetes. Retrieved july 24, 2013, from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/diabetes-diet/DA00027: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/diabetes-diet/DA00027 3. NAOMI. (2012 , APRIL 23). What is a balanced diet and why is it important? Retrieved july 24, 2013, from http://www.caloriesecrets.net/: What is a balanced diet and why is it important? 4. nemia Diet. (2010, Augast 1). Retrieved july 25, 2013, from www.diethealthclub.com: http://www.diethealthclub.com/health-issues-and-diet/anaemia/diet.html 5. New York Times News Service. (2013, May 28). What is malnutrition? Retrieved july 26, 2013, from http://gulfnews.com/: http://gulfnews.com/news/world/usa/what-is-malnutrition-1.1189467 6. Nordqvist, C. (2010, February 16). http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/What Is Malnutrition? What Causes Malnutrition? Retrieved july 25, 2013, from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179316.php 7. WebMDhealth. (n.d.). Retrieved july 25, 2013, from http://acad.fcps.org/fon/essentialnutrients.htm 8. www.tescodiets.com. (n.d.). Retrieved july 25, 2013, from diabatic support diate: http://www.tescodiets.com/px/diet-plans/diets/Diabetes