Newtons Law of Motion
Newton 's laws of motion
Newton 's laws of motion are three physical laws that form the basis for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between the forces acting on a body and its motion due to those forces. They have been expressed in several different ways over nearly three centuries and can be summarized as follows:
1. First law: The velocity of a body (a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line) remains constant unless the body is compelled to change that state by external forces acted upon it. 2. Second law: The acceleration a of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F acting on the body, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass m of the body, i.e., F = ma. 3. Third law: The mutual forces of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite and collinear.
The three laws of motion were first compiled by Sir Isaac Newton in his work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, first published in 1687, Newton used them to explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems. For example, in the third volume of the text, Newton showed that these laws of motion, combined with his law of universal gravitation, explained Kepler 's laws of planetary motion.
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Overview
Newton 's laws are applied to bodies (objects) which are considered or idealized as a particle, in the sense that the extent of the body is neglected in the evaluation of its motion, i.e., the object is small compared to the distances involved in the analysis, or the deformation and rotation of the body is of no importance in the analysis. Therefore, a planet can be idealized as a particle for analysis of its orbital motion around a star.
In their original form, Newton 's laws of motion are not adequate to characterize the motion of rigid bodies and deformable bodies. Leonard Euler in 1750 introduced a generalization of Newton 's laws of motion for
Newton 's laws of motion are three physical laws that form the basis for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between the forces acting on a body and its motion due to those forces. They have been expressed in several different ways over nearly three centuries and can be summarized as follows:
1. First law: The velocity of a body (a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line) remains constant unless the body is compelled to change that state by external forces acted upon it. 2. Second law: The acceleration a of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F acting on the body, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass m of the body, i.e., F = ma. 3. Third law: The mutual forces of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite and collinear.
The three laws of motion were first compiled by Sir Isaac Newton in his work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, first published in 1687, Newton used them to explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems. For example, in the third volume of the text, Newton showed that these laws of motion, combined with his law of universal gravitation, explained Kepler 's laws of planetary motion.
| |
Overview
Newton 's laws are applied to bodies (objects) which are considered or idealized as a particle, in the sense that the extent of the body is neglected in the evaluation of its motion, i.e., the object is small compared to the distances involved in the analysis, or the deformation and rotation of the body is of no importance in the analysis. Therefore, a planet can be idealized as a particle for analysis of its orbital motion around a star.
In their original form, Newton 's laws of motion are not adequate to characterize the motion of rigid bodies and deformable bodies. Leonard Euler in 1750 introduced a generalization of Newton 's laws of motion for
References: ▪ Section 242, Newton 's laws of motion in Thomson, W (Lord Kelvin), and Tait, P G, (1867), Treatise on natural philosophy, volume 1; and ▪ Benjamin Crowell (2000), Newtonian Physics. 5. ^ Holzner, Steven (2005-12). Physics for Dummies. Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated. pp. 64. ISBN 978-0-7645-5433-9. 9. ^ Lubliner, Jacob (2008). Plasticity Theory (Revised Edition). Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-46290-0. 10. ^ a b Galili, I.; Tseitlin, M. (2003). "Newton 's First Law: Text, Translations, Interpretations and Physics Education".Science & Education 12 (1): 45–73. Bibcode2003Sc&Ed..12...45G. DOI:10.1023/A:1022632600805. 14. ^ NMJ Woodhouse (2003). Special relativity. London/Berlin: Springer. p. 6. ISBN 1-85233-426-6. 15. ^ Beatty, Millard F. (2006). Principles of engineering mechanics Volume 2 of Principles of Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics-The Analysis of Motion,. Springer. p. 24. ISBN 0-387-23704-6. 16. ^ Thornton, Marion (2004). Classical dynamics of particles and systems (5th ed.). Brooks/Cole. p. 53. ISBN 0-534-40896-6. 22. ^ Hannah, J, Hillier, M J, Applied Mechanics, p221, Pitman Paperbacks, 1971 23 25. ^ WJ Stronge (2004). Impact mechanics. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 12 ff. ISBN 0-521-60289-0. ▪ Crowell, Benjamin, (2011), Light and Matter, (2011, Light and Matter), especially at Section 4.2, Newton 's First Law, Section 4.3, Newton 's Second Law, and Section 5.1, Newton 's Third Law. ▪ Feynman, R. P.; Leighton, R. B.; Sands, M. (2005). The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Pearson/Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-8053-9049-9. ▪ Fowles, G. R.; Cassiday, G. L. (1999). Analytical Mechanics (6th ed.). Saunders College Publishing. ISBN 0-03-022317-2. ▪ Likins, Peter W. (1973). Elements of Engineering Mechanics. McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 0-07-037852-5. ▪ Marion, Jerry; Thornton, Stephen (1995). Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems. Harcourt College Publishers. ISBN 0-03-097302-3. ▪ Newton, Isaac, "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", 1729 English translation based on 3rd Latin edition (1726), volume 1, containing Book 1, especially at the section Axioms or Laws of Motion starting page 19. ▪ Newton, Isaac, "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", 1729 English translation based on 3rd Latin edition (1726), volume 2, containing Books 2 & 3. ▪ Thomson, W (Lord Kelvin), and Tait, P G, (1867), Treatise on natural philosophy, volume 1, especially at Section 242, Newton 's laws of motion. ▪ NMJ Woodhouse (2003). Special relativity. London/Berlin: Springer. p. 6. ISBN 1-85233-426-6.