Metal Ions Lab
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. Experiments with Metals and Ions of Metals Introduction
Metals are similar in their physical properties in general, but they are not identical. Most of the metals are solids; few of them are liquids, such as mercury and cesium. Density of metals is not similar also. For example, sodium has density of 0.97g/cm3 while lead has density of 11.4g/cm3. Melting point of sodium is 98.0oC while for lead it is 327.6oC.
Metals have the capability to lose electrons when they react with non-metals such as O2, halogens, water, acids and other metal cations.
Metals react with non-metals but each to a different extent. The most reactive metals are alkali metals (group1A, where group is a vertical …show more content…
Spectacular exothermic redox reactions occur, accompanied by flames and coloured ‘smoke’, forming the solid aluminium halides:
2Al + 3X2 → 2AlX3 (X = Cl, Br and I)
Read our standard health & safety guidance
Lesson organisation
This is a class demonstration that shows the spectacular reactivity of three non-metals from Group 7 with a metal.
These experiments must be done in a fume cupboard as both the reactants and products are hazardous. Teachers attempting this demonstration for the first time are strongly advised to do a trial run before doing it in front of a class.
Each experiment should take about 5 …show more content…
Sulfur is a poor thermal conductor, hence the changes can overlap one another if the heating is too fast. It is difficult to heat slowly enough using a Bunsen burner – hence the use of an oil bath.
Crystalline sulfur consists of puckered S8 rings in the shape of crowns. These can be packed together in two different ways – to form rhombic crystals and to form needle-shaped monoclinic crystals, as shown below:
Below about 96 °C, rhombic sulfur is the more stable allotrope. On melting at about 118 °C, sulfur first forms a mobile, amber liquid containing S8 rings. If this is allowed to cool, monoclinic sulfur forms as crystallisation occurs above 96 °C.
Monoclinic sulfur will turn slowly into the more stable rhombic form on standing below 96 °C.
Further heating of the S8-containing liquid breaks the rings into S8 chains. These may join to form longer chains which tangle, causing an increase in viscosity. At higher temperatures, these chains break into shorter ones, perhaps as short as S2, and the viscosity decreases
. Experiments with Metals and Ions of Metals Introduction
Metals are similar in their physical properties in general, but they are not identical. Most of the metals are solids; few of them are liquids, such as mercury and cesium. Density of metals is not similar also. For example, sodium has density of 0.97g/cm3 while lead has density of 11.4g/cm3. Melting point of sodium is 98.0oC while for lead it is 327.6oC.
Metals have the capability to lose electrons when they react with non-metals such as O2, halogens, water, acids and other metal cations.
Metals react with non-metals but each to a different extent. The most reactive metals are alkali metals (group1A, where group is a vertical …show more content…
Spectacular exothermic redox reactions occur, accompanied by flames and coloured ‘smoke’, forming the solid aluminium halides:
2Al + 3X2 → 2AlX3 (X = Cl, Br and I)
Read our standard health & safety guidance
Lesson organisation
This is a class demonstration that shows the spectacular reactivity of three non-metals from Group 7 with a metal.
These experiments must be done in a fume cupboard as both the reactants and products are hazardous. Teachers attempting this demonstration for the first time are strongly advised to do a trial run before doing it in front of a class.
Each experiment should take about 5 …show more content…
Sulfur is a poor thermal conductor, hence the changes can overlap one another if the heating is too fast. It is difficult to heat slowly enough using a Bunsen burner – hence the use of an oil bath.
Crystalline sulfur consists of puckered S8 rings in the shape of crowns. These can be packed together in two different ways – to form rhombic crystals and to form needle-shaped monoclinic crystals, as shown below:
Below about 96 °C, rhombic sulfur is the more stable allotrope. On melting at about 118 °C, sulfur first forms a mobile, amber liquid containing S8 rings. If this is allowed to cool, monoclinic sulfur forms as crystallisation occurs above 96 °C.
Monoclinic sulfur will turn slowly into the more stable rhombic form on standing below 96 °C.
Further heating of the S8-containing liquid breaks the rings into S8 chains. These may join to form longer chains which tangle, causing an increase in viscosity. At higher temperatures, these chains break into shorter ones, perhaps as short as S2, and the viscosity decreases