Material and civilization
Essay Title: Material and civilization
According to dictionary, material is anything that serves as crude or raw matter to be used or developed and civilization is an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached. There are basically 4 periods of materials science development in history of the world: Prehistory, Antiquity, Middle Ages, and Modern materials science. This essay covers the history of materials science on how different materials were used as influenced by the history of the world and the culture of the peoples of the Earth.
Prehistory
Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age together is the three-age system prehistory. In the Stone Age, humans made tools of stone, bone, and wood for hunting: sticks, stone chisels, knives, hand axes, shovels, spears, bows and arrows, darts, needles, cones, etc. They also made bows, fish baskets, boats, etc. for hunting on sea. Humans did not have no fixed abode. They lived in caves, huts, tooth or bone leather tents, most near lakes and rivers so that they can only made use of natural material.
Later in Bronze Age, humans started to gather and developed their own villages. They used copper and tin, lead, arsenic or antimony alloy produced tools and weapons. Ever since the production of bronze productivity of agriculture and handicrafts were improved, material living conditions are getting better. Iron contains high amount of hardness, high melting point, making it relatively cheaper than bronze and can be used in all areas. As people have been able to iron metal fabrication and manufacturing as a production tool, humans were going to the next period of Prehistory- Iron age. The main difference from Bronze Age is there were agricultural development, religious beliefs and cultural patterns.
Antiquity
Humans seek for higher living standard after getting the basic needs of life. The Romans were the representative example of ancient construction.
According to dictionary, material is anything that serves as crude or raw matter to be used or developed and civilization is an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached. There are basically 4 periods of materials science development in history of the world: Prehistory, Antiquity, Middle Ages, and Modern materials science. This essay covers the history of materials science on how different materials were used as influenced by the history of the world and the culture of the peoples of the Earth.
Prehistory
Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age together is the three-age system prehistory. In the Stone Age, humans made tools of stone, bone, and wood for hunting: sticks, stone chisels, knives, hand axes, shovels, spears, bows and arrows, darts, needles, cones, etc. They also made bows, fish baskets, boats, etc. for hunting on sea. Humans did not have no fixed abode. They lived in caves, huts, tooth or bone leather tents, most near lakes and rivers so that they can only made use of natural material.
Later in Bronze Age, humans started to gather and developed their own villages. They used copper and tin, lead, arsenic or antimony alloy produced tools and weapons. Ever since the production of bronze productivity of agriculture and handicrafts were improved, material living conditions are getting better. Iron contains high amount of hardness, high melting point, making it relatively cheaper than bronze and can be used in all areas. As people have been able to iron metal fabrication and manufacturing as a production tool, humans were going to the next period of Prehistory- Iron age. The main difference from Bronze Age is there were agricultural development, religious beliefs and cultural patterns.
Antiquity
Humans seek for higher living standard after getting the basic needs of life. The Romans were the representative example of ancient construction.