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Machine Language
Harvard University

CS 101

Fall 2005, Shimon Schocken

Machine Language

Elements of Computing Systems

1

Machine Language (Ch. 4)

Where we are at:
Human Thought Abstract design abstract interface
Chapters 9, 12

H.L. Language & Operating Sys.

Compiler abstract interface
Chapters 10 - 11

Software hierarchy

Virtual Machine

VM Translator abstract interface
Chapters 7 - 8

Assembly Language
Assembler
Chapter 6

abstract interface

Machine Language

Computer Architecture abstract interface
Chapters 4 - 5

Hardware Platform

Gate Logic abstract interface
Chapters 1 - 3

Hardware hierarchy

Chips & Logic Gates

Electrical Engineering Physics

Elements of Computing Systems

2

Machine Language (Ch. 4)

Copyright © Shimon Schocken

Machine language is “the soul of the machine”
Duality: Machine language ( = instruction set) can be viewed as an abstract description of the hardware platform The hardware can be viewed as a means for realizing an abstract machine language Another duality: Binary version Symbolic version Loose definition: Machine language = an agreed upon formalism for manipulating a memory using a processor and a set of registers Varies across different hardware platforms.
Elements of Computing Systems 3 Machine Language (Ch. 4)

Binary and symbolic notation
1010 0011 0001 1001 1010 0011 0001 1001 ADD R3, R1, R9 ADD R3, R1, R9

Evolution: Physical coding Symbolic documentation Symbolic coding Requires a translator.
Jacquard loom (1801)

Ada Lovelace (1815-1852)

Elements of Computing Systems

4

Machine Language (Ch. 4)

Copyright © Shimon Schocken

Lecture plan

Machine languages at a glance The Hack machine language: Symbolic version Binary version Perspective.

Elements of Computing Systems

5

Machine Language (Ch. 4)

Arithmetic / logical operations
ADD R2,R1,R3 // R2 R1+R3 where R1,R2,R3 are registers ADD R2,R1,R3 // R2 R1+R3 where R1,R2,R3 are
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