Laterite Soil
Laterite
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Monument of laterite brickstones at Angadipuram, Kerala, India, which commemorates where laterite was first described and discussed by Dr. Buchanan-Hamilton in 1807.
Laterites are soil types rich in iron and aluminium, formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are rusty-red because of iron oxides. They develop by intensive and long-lasting weathering of the underlying parent rock. Tropical weathering (laterization) is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting soils. The majority of the land areas with laterites was or is between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
Historically, laterite was cut into brick-like shapes and used in monument building. After 1000 CE construction at Angkor Wat and other southeast Asian sites changed to rectangular temple enclosures made of laterite, brick and stone. Since the mid-1970s trial sections ofbituminous-surfaced low-volume roads have used laterite in place of stone as a base course. Thick laterite layers are porous and slightly permeable, so the layers can function as aquifers in rural areas. Locally available laterites are used in an acid solution, followed by precipitation to remove phosphorus and heavy metals at sewage treatment facilities.
Laterites are a source of aluminium ore; the ore exists largely in clay minerals and the hydroxides, gibbsite, boehmite, and diaspore, which resembles the composition of bauxite. In Northern Ireland they once provided a major source of iron and aluminium ores. Laterite ores also were the early major source of nickel.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Definition and physical description
• 2 Formation
• 3 Locations
• 4 Uses o 4.1 Building blocks o 4.2 Road building o 4.3 Water supply o 4.4 Waste water treatment o 4.5 Ores
4.5.1 Bauxite
4.5.2 Iron
4.5.3 Nickel
• 5 References
• 6 See also
Definition and
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Monument of laterite brickstones at Angadipuram, Kerala, India, which commemorates where laterite was first described and discussed by Dr. Buchanan-Hamilton in 1807.
Laterites are soil types rich in iron and aluminium, formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are rusty-red because of iron oxides. They develop by intensive and long-lasting weathering of the underlying parent rock. Tropical weathering (laterization) is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting soils. The majority of the land areas with laterites was or is between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
Historically, laterite was cut into brick-like shapes and used in monument building. After 1000 CE construction at Angkor Wat and other southeast Asian sites changed to rectangular temple enclosures made of laterite, brick and stone. Since the mid-1970s trial sections ofbituminous-surfaced low-volume roads have used laterite in place of stone as a base course. Thick laterite layers are porous and slightly permeable, so the layers can function as aquifers in rural areas. Locally available laterites are used in an acid solution, followed by precipitation to remove phosphorus and heavy metals at sewage treatment facilities.
Laterites are a source of aluminium ore; the ore exists largely in clay minerals and the hydroxides, gibbsite, boehmite, and diaspore, which resembles the composition of bauxite. In Northern Ireland they once provided a major source of iron and aluminium ores. Laterite ores also were the early major source of nickel.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Definition and physical description
• 2 Formation
• 3 Locations
• 4 Uses o 4.1 Building blocks o 4.2 Road building o 4.3 Water supply o 4.4 Waste water treatment o 4.5 Ores
4.5.1 Bauxite
4.5.2 Iron
4.5.3 Nickel
• 5 References
• 6 See also
Definition and
References: [edit] 1. ^ a b c Thurston, Edgar (1913) 3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Tardy, Yves (1997). Petrology of Laterites and Tropical Soils. ISBN 90-5410-678-6. Retrieved April 17, 2010. 4. ^ Chowdhury, M.K. Roy; Venkatesh, V.; Anandalwar, M.A.; Paul, D.K. (May 11, 1965). Recent Concepts on the Origin of Indian Laterite(Report). Geological Survey of India, Calcutta. Retrieved April 17, 2010. 5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dalvi, Ashok D.; Bacon, W. Gordon; Osborne, Robert C. (March 7–10, 2004). The Past and the Future of Nickel Laterites (Report). PDAC 2004 International Convention, Trade Show & Investors Exchange. Retrieved April 17, 2010. 8. ^ a b c Whittington, B.I.; Muir, D. (October 2000). "Pressure Acid Leaching of Nickel Laterites: A Review". Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 21 (6): 527. doi:10.1080/08827500008914177. Retrieved April 17, 2010. 10. ^ a b c d e f g Yamaguchi, Kosei E.. Iron isotope compositions of Fe-oxide as a measure of water-rock interaction: An example from Precambrian tropical laterite in Botswana (Report). 2. p. 3. Retrieved April 17, 2010. 11. ^ Bourman, R.P. (August 1993). "Perennial problems in the study of laterite: A review". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 40 (4): 387. doi:10.1080/08120099308728090. Retrieved April 17, 2010. 12. ^ a b Engelhardt, Richard A.. New Directions for Archaeological Research on the Angkor Plain: The Use of Remote Sensing Technology for Research into Ancient Khmer Environmental Engineering (Report). UNESCO. p. 8. Retrieved April 17, 2010. 13. ^ Rocks, David (May 2009). Ancient Khmer Quarrying of Arkose Sandstone for Monumental Architecture and Sculpture. Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History. p. 1235. Retrieved April 17, 2010. 14. ^ a b Welch, David. Archaelological Evidence of Khmer State Political and Economic Organisation. International Archaeological Research Institute. Retrieved April 17, 2010. 15. ^ a b c d Uchinda, E.; Cunin, O.; Shimoda, I.; Suda, C.; Nakagawa, T. (2003). "The Construction Process of the Angkor Monuments Elucidated by the Magnetic Susceptibility of Sandstone". Archaeometry 45 (2). Retrieved May 6, 2010. 16. ^ a b Waragai, Tetsuya; Katagiri, Masao; Miwa, Satoru (2006). A Preliminary Study on the Direction Dependence of Sandstone Column Deterioration in the First Gallery of Angkor Wat(Report). Retrieved May 6, 2010. 17. ^ a b c Siedel1, H.; Plehwe-Leisen, E. v.; Leisen, H. (2008). Salt Load and Deterioration of Sandstone at the Temple of Angkor Wat, Cambodia (Report). I. p. 268. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 18. ^ Sari, Betti Rosita (2004). "The Trade Route in the Cambodian/Thai Border Areas: Challenges and Opportunities". Journal of Masyarakat Indonesia: 6. Retrieved April 17, 2010.